Electrical Lighting

EE 2802 Applied Electricity

Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Introduction
Basic Principles
Characteristics of Light
Lamps and Luminaires
Lighting Calculations
Energy Consumption

1. Introduction
Lighting or Illumination
Natural illumination
OR
Artificial light sources
Artificial Lighting
- Account for a significant part of all
energy consumed worldwide
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Temperature

2. Basic Principles
Radiate only heat waves
Radiate heat & light waves
Body becomes luminous
Color of light changes
Bright Red
Orange
Yellow
White
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Definitions
Radiant efficiency
= Energy radiated in form of light /
Total energy radiated
Solid angle in steradian (sr)

Definitions
Candela (cd)
Lumen per steradian
Unit of luminous intensity
Luminous Flux
Rate of flow of light energy
Unit lumen (lm)
1 lm = 0.0016 W approx.

Lumen Hour
Quantity of light delivered in one hour by a flux of 1 lm
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3. Characteristics of Light
Travels its path through space
Reflects when it hits a smooth surface

Bends when travels from one medium to another

refraction
When the medium bends the light can see
separate colors
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4. Lamps and Luminaires

Lamps
Replaceable portion of the luminaire

Luminaries
Connecting the lamp to the electricity supply
Controlling the light emitted by the lamp
Protecting the lamp from a hostile environment
Providing a fixture of satisfactory appearance
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Lamps
Production of Light
By heating
Resulting in thermal radiation
By collision
Passing an electric current through a gas or
vapour
Ex : Fluorescence
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Types of Lamps
1. Incandescent lamps

2. Discharge lamps
3. LEDs

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Incandescent Lamps
Cheep to install
Expensive to run
Heating a thin metal wire to very high
temperatures (around 2200C)
Wire Filament is almost universally made
from Tungsten

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Incandescent Lamps
Tungsten Halogen
Filled with a halogen gas (bromide or iodine)
Tungsten atoms that evaporate from the
filament surface combine chemically with
iodine atoms
In this state, they cannot form a black coating
on the inside of the bulb
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Discharge Lamps
Electric current is passed through a low
pressure gas
Electrons flowing between the two electrodes
collide with gas atoms
- Increase their energy
These atoms quickly decay to their stable state
- Releasing photons of ultraviolet
radiation
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Discharge Lamps
Phosphor coatings on the inside of the bulb
absorb most of this energy
- Re-radiate it as visible light

At high pressure:
Gas itself absorbs some of this radiation
Re-emits it as visible light
Ex:

Fluorescent
Low / High pressure sodium lamps
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LEDs
Light Emitting Diodes
Used for indicating purposes for several
decades
Recent developments:
Larger diodes
Range of colours including white

Extremely long life

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5. Lighting Calculations
For a well designed lighting scheme:
Provide adequate illumination
Avoid glare and hard shadows
Provide uniform distribution of light
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5. Lighting Calculations
Space Height Ratio
Horizontal distance between two lamps / Mounting height
of lamps
In indoor lighting this ratio lies between 1 and 2
Utilization Factor (UF)
UF = lumens received on working pane /
emitted by the light source

lumens

Light Loss Factor (LLF)

LLF = illumination under actual conditions /
illumination under perfect condition
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5. Lighting Calculations
Gross Lumens required
= (E*A)/(UF*LLF)
E = desired illumination (lm/m2)
A = area of working plane (m2)
UF = Utilization factor
LLF = Light loss factor
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Desired Illumination
Ex. Office
Place

Filing, copying etc

Writing, typing, reading, data processing
Technical drawing
CAD work stations
Conference and meeting rooms
Reception desk

Desired
Illumination
(lm/m2or lux)
300
500
750
500
500
300
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Example:
The illumination in a drawing office 30m x
10m is to have a value of 250 lux and is to be
provided by a number of 300W filament
lamps.
If the coefficient of utilization is 0.4 and the
depreciation factor is 0.9, determine the
number of lamps required. The luminous
efficiency of each lamp is 14 lm/W.
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6. Energy Consumption
In homes and offices, 20% ~ 50% of total energy
consumed is due to lighting
Ways to minimize:
Study illumination requirement for use area
Analysis of lighting quality (ex. no glare)
Integration of space planning and interior
architecture to lighting design
Select fixture and lamp types best energy
conservation
Maintenance of lighting systems
Use of natural light

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Automated Lighting Control

Building automation and lighting control
solutions are now available to help reduce
energy usage and cost by eliminating overillumination
Daylight-linked automated response systems
have been developed to further reduce energy
consumption
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References
A TEXTBOOK OF

ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME III
TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION
B.L. THERAJA
A.K. THERAJA

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