Fertilization and

Development
 Human Fertilization
 The union of sperm
and egg nuclei
 Occurs in the upper
third of the oviduct
 If egg is not fertilized
within 24 hours after
ovulation, then it will
begin to deteriorate
 Human Fertilization
 Iffertilization occurs, zygote will begin cleavage,
or splitting and growing.
 Human Fertilization
 6-10days later the embryo may become
implanted in the uterine lining
 Yolk has been depleted and it now obtain nutrients
from the uterus
 Other Fertilization
 If more then one egg is
released, multiple births can
occur
 Identical twins: Develop from
one zygote which separates
during cleavage
 Fraternal Twins- Developed
from two different eggs,
fertilized by two different
sperm cells, that were
released at the same time.
 In Vitro: fertilized externally
and then implanted into the
uterus
 Conjoined twin Video
 More information on the Twins
 Fraternal Twins

 These Twins were born on the same day from the same
parents. Mom was Aboriginal and Dad was German
 Fertilization Indepth
 The union (fusion) of a monoploid (n)
sperm nucleus and a monoploid (n) egg
nucleus
 During meiosis, chromosome number is
reduced from 2n to n, but after fertilization
the zygote once again is 2n.
 Fertilization must occur in a moist
environment
 External Fertilization
 Aquatic vertebrate animals such as fish and
amphibians
 Occurs outside of the body of the female
 Because of harsh environment and lack of
protection, large numbers of eggs are produced
(because of low survival rate).
 Internal Fertilization
 Most terrestrial
vertebrates
 Gametes fuse in
moist reproductive
tract of female
 Embryonic Development
 Cleavage: a series of
rapid mitotic cell
divisions that leads to
the formation of cells
called the morula
 Embryonic Development
 After more cell divisions, the blastula forms
 Blastocoel: space inside blastula
 Gastrulation
 One side of the
blastula becomes
indented forming the
gastrula
 Blastopore: opening of
gastrula
 Endoderm: inner layer
 Ectoderm: outer layer
 Mesoderm: third layer
that forms between
ectoderm and
endoderm.
 Differentiation
 Each layer will give rise to
different tissues, organs,
and systems of the multi-
cellular animals
 Ectoderm: nervous
system and skin
 Mesoderm: muscles,
circulatory system,
skeleton, excretory
system, and gonads.
 Endoderm: lining of
digestive and respiratory
tracts, portions of the liver
and pancreas
 External Development
 Occurs outside the females body
 Occurs in both terrestrial and aquatic environments
 In water:
 Fertilized and developed externally
 Survival rate is low  large number of fertilized eggs produced
 Embryos source of food is the yolk stored in the egg
 On land:
 Internal fertilization, external development
 Birds, many reptiles, and a few mammals
 Better survival rate, fewer fertilized eggs are produced
 External Development

 Occurs in a shell
 Membranes help provide a favorable
environment
 Amnion
 Contains amniotic fluid
P rovides watery environment
 P rotects embryo from shock
 P revents adhesion to shell
 Yolk Sac
 Blood vessels surround yolk and penetrate yolk
sac to transport food to embryo
 Allantois
 Respiratory
membrane and
storage site for
nitrogenous waste
and uric acid
Chorion
 Outermembrane
surrounding the other
embryonic
membranes and
separates them from
the environment.
 Internal Development
 Placental animals
 Embryos develop internally in the uterus
 Eggs have little yolk
 The Placenta
 Placenta forms from
embryonic and maternal
tissues
 Exchange of nutrients,
wastes, and respiratory
gasses occur here between
mother and embryo
 No connections to
bloodstream
 Transport is accomplished
by diffusion
 Umbilical chord connects
embryo to placenta with
blood vessels.
 Placental Animals
 Baby is inside an
amniotic sac where it
sits in amniotic fluid
 The fluid is there to
protect the baby from
shock.
 Amniocentesis: The
process by which
amniotic fluid is
extracted and tested to
look at the babies
DNA.
 Marsupials
 Mammals where the
baby is born
underdeveloped and
crawls into it’s
mothers pouch to
continue to develop