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Why Distillation?
US-Initiative Vision
US Department of Energy.
American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
Task of identifying the technical barriers.
The research needs and the priorities of the
Primary Design
Column diameter
Types of tray
Split of tray area
Bubbling area
Downcomer area
Tray vapor & liquid load
Tray spacing
Weir length
Secondary Design
Detailed layout
Control configuration
Column Internals
Packed Bed
Tray type
Packing Objective
Objectives for maximizing efficiency
To maximize the specific surface area
To spread surface area uniformly.
To promote uniform distribution of vapor & liquid
volume.
To minimize friction (good Aerodynamic
characteristics).
To ensure uniform resistance to vapor & liquid
flow throughout the bed.
To permit easy disengagement of vapor from
liquid.
Other Objectives
To maximize resistance to mechanical deformation
Berl saddles)
Second generation packing(intalox saddles, pall rings,
Hy-pak )
Third generation packing(CMR, Chempak, Nutter rings,
Raschig Ring
First
generation random
packing.
made from metals like
carbon steel or very high
alloys such as Monel 400 or
Hastelloy C276.
Special Carbon or Graphite
made are used in specific
applications
Resistant to most acids,
alkalis and solvents at
temperatures as high as
1500 C
Good erosion and thermal
shock resistance.
Pall Rings
Second-generation,
packing.
random
Saddle Rings
INTALOX
ULTRA Random Packing
Lowest
pressure
highest capacity
drop
and
IMTP
High Performance Random Packing
High void fraction &well
BETA RING
High Performance Random Packing
High vapor capacity and low
pressure drop
High efficiency
High liquid handling capacity
Fouling resistant
reduces friction.
High
capacity
pressure drop
High efficiency
Fouling resistant
and
low
HY-PAK
Random Packing
More internal tongues helps
FLEXIRING
Random Packing
Good capacity and low
pressure drop
Higher liquid hold-up and
residence time
Versatile standard packing
Nutter Ring
Efficiency
enhanced by lateral
liquid spreading and surface film
renewal
Mechanical
structure provides
maximum
randomness
with
minimal nesting
packing
designed
intelligently
Packing Material
Metals/Alloys
Ceramics
Plastics/polymers
Structured Packing
Wire Gauze Packing
Sulzer wire gauze packing
Goodloe
Hyperfil
Montz
made of wide
pallet of stainless steel, alloys
and thermoplastics
GOODLOE
(structured wire gauze packing)
Multifilament
diameter
of
wire,
fine
knitted
surface area585-
1000ft2 /ft3.
Available
metal,plastic,alloyes
teflon coating
in
with
fine
diameter
wire.
structure
in
parallel
vertical layer.
Made of stainless steel,
copper
and
resistant wire
corrosion
Montz
Katapak-SP
Corrugated sheet spreads in a
Mellapak
Universal packing type with
/m3
made of wide
pallet of stainless steel,
alloys and thermoplastics
FLEXIPAC
Enhanced Structured Packing
Types of Grids
Glitsch C-grid
Koch Flexigrid
Nutter Snap Grid
Perform Grid
for severe services which are susceptible to fouling, erosion, coking and
high solids content. FLEXIGRID packing is installed in rigid modules
stacked in successive layers with a fixed orientation, which minimizes the
overall pressure drop while simultaneously increasing tower capacity
and/or efficiency.
Applications
Packing Hydraulics
Pressure drop flow regimes
Flooding prediction
i.
ii.
iii.
Flooding Curve
Pressure drop
Pressure drop is also affected by tower diameter, smaller the
diameter lower the pressure drop.(e.g. literature reports 1020% lower pressure drop in 3ft column diameter then in a
1ft column for same capacity)
Dry packed bed have higher pressure drop then wet bed(510% capacity reduction due to this wetting phenomenon)
Difference in size, shape, geometry of packing supplied by
different manufacturer also have effect on pressure drop.
Pressure drop for foaming system are higher then non
foaming systems.
Foaming/emulsion
Corrosive systems
in column diameters up
to 48 inches. The number
and size of orifices and
risers will vary according to
the gas and liquid flow
rates. This style of design
is limited to a 4to1 turn
down ratio. Other liquid
distributor types offer
superior turn down ratios.
Trough Distributor
Traditional
Weir V- trough
distributors are used in column 36
inch and larger.
Type R Distributors
Their type R is a channel type distributor with the liquid over
patented Type S
design is similar to type R
except that at the bottom
of the overflow tube the
flow is directed to a
number of metal fingers
which split the liquid flow
into a number of smaller
streams.
This provides
excellent
distribution
for low liquid density
applications
a simple inlet
diffuser is not sufficient to
provide primary removal
of entrained liquids. When
the Force of Inertia is less
than 2,500 lb/ft2s , then
simple
diffusers
are
satisfactory.
tower
packing
to
allow
for maximum open area with
high liquid and vapor flow.
Bed limiters and supports are
Redistributor Type
Liquid