The Circulatory System

Functions of the
Circulatory System
Brings blood containing
oxygen, nutrients, and
hormones to cells
Transports CO2 and
other wastes away
from cells

Functions Continued

Fights infection
Regulates body
temperature
Helps stabilize pH and
ionic concentration of
body fluids.

Circulatory System
Components
Heart
Blood
Vessels

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

The Heart

A muscular pump
Moves blood through the body
Is suspended in the pericardial sac

Aorta

Superior vena
cava

Left pulmonary artery

Left atrium

Right pulmonary
veins

Left pulmonary
veins

Right atrium

Inferior vena cava

Right ventricle

Left ventricle

Composed of
four chambers
Divided into right
and left halves
Made up of
cardiac
muscle cells

Pericardium

Protective sac of
connective tissue
Surrounds the
heart
Filled with
fluid

Myocardium

The muscle of the heart

Strong and thick
Composed of
spontaneously
contracting cardiac
muscle fibers

Myocardium
(heart muscle)
shown in red

Epicardium
(Outer surface
of myocardium)

Endocardium
(Inner surface of myocardium)

Can conduct electricity

like nerves
Its blood supply comes
from the coronary
arteries

Structures of the Heart

Chambers

Atria- (2) upper

chambers

Left atrium

Aortic valve
Right atrium
Mitral valve

Ventricles- (2) lower

chambers

Thin walled
Receive blood from veins
Send blood to ventricles

Pulmonary valve

Thick walled
Receive blood from atria
Pump blood out through
arteries

Left ventricle
Tricuspid valve

Septum
Right ventricle

Septum

Wall that divides heart into right and left halves

Structures of the Heart

Valves seen from above

Pulmonary
valve

Valves

Prevent backflow of blood

Keep blood moving in one
direction
Pulmonary veins
Tricuspid valve

Right atrium

Chordea tendinea

Between the
chambers
At junctions of artery
and chamber

Mitral valve

Aortic valve

Left atrium
Pulmonary valve

Structures of the Heart

Chordae tendinease
Heart strings
Cord-like tendons
Connect papillary
muscles to tricuspid
and mitral valves
Prevent inversion
of valve

Papillary muscles

Small muscles that

anchor the cords

Papillary
muscle

Structures of the Heart

brachiocephalic artery
14

right pulmonary artery

13 right pulmonary veins

left common carotid artery

left subclavian artery
aorta 1
left pulmonary artery 2
pulmonary trunk 17

15 superior vena cava

6 aortic valve
12

right atrium

left pulmonary veins 4

left atrium (auricle) 3
mitral valve 5
pulmonary valve 16

11 tricuspid valve
9 right ventricle
10

inferior vena cava

papillary muscle
left ventricle 7
septum 8
2006 Merriam-Webster, Inc.

Cardiac Cycle

Refers to all of the events from

the beginning of one heart beat to
the beginning of the next heart
beat

When cardiac muscle contracts it

does so as a single unit, creating
a heart beat

One heartbeat - a cardiac cycle consists of two parts called

systole and diastole

Cardiac Cycle

Diastole is the
period of time
when the heart
relaxes after
contraction

Oxygenated blood from the

lungs fills the left atrium
Deoxygenated blood from
other parts of the body fills
the right atrium.

At the end of the

diastole, the
atria contract,
starting
the Systole

Cardiac Cycle
The term systole is
synonymous with
contraction of a
muscle.

Atrial systole is the

contraction of the heart
muscle of the left and right
atria. Both atria contract at
the same time, sending
blood into the corresponding
ventricle

Ventricular systole is
the contraction of the
muscles of the left
and right ventricles,
which contract at the
same time.

Cardiac Cycle

During systole
the ventricles
contract, forcing
the blood into
the pulmonary
artery to be
re-oxygenated
in the lungs, and
into the aorta
for systemic
distribution of
oxygenated
blood

Cardiac Cycle

Heart Sounds

Two normal heart

sounds with each
heart beat

Lub- sound- due

to closure of the
atrioventricular
valves (mitral and
tricuspid)

Dub- sound- due

to closure of the
aortic valve and
pulmonary valve

described as a..

Cardiac Cycle

Heart Rate - count of each heart beat

On average, a heart beats 72 times a

minute when at rest
Usually it is calculated as number
of contractions of heart (heart beats)
in one minute and expressed as
"beats per minute" (bpm).
The pulse is the most
straightforward way of measuring the heart rate
Heart rate is controlled by nervous system
Hearse on an
emergency

Cardiac Cycle

Sympathetic division
increases heart rate
Parasympathetic division
decreases heart rate
Heart rate increases
when more food and
oxygen are needed by
the cells, or when under
stress

Resting heart rate can be

significantly lower in athletes

Cardiac Cycle

An electrocardiogram abbreviated as EKG

or ECG is a test that measures the electrical
activity of the heartbeat or one cardiac cycle.

Cardiac Conduction System

Why dont the

atria and
ventricles
contract at the
same time?
Inefficient.
Blood would
not be moved
in one direction,
some would
flow backwards

Cardiac Conduction System

Includes:

SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibers

Purkinje fibers

Cardiac Conduction System

Sinoatrial Node (SA node)

Located high on the right
atrium.
Pacemaker of the heart.
Causes the wave of
contractions
in the atria.

Sending
blood
into the
ventricles

Cardiac Conduction System

Atrioventricular Node (AV node)

Located in the interatrial septum close to
the tricuspid valve
Carries the electrical impulse
from the SA node to fiber
bundles in the ventricles.
This causes the ventricles to
contract

The location of
nerve fiber bundles
cause the ventricles
to contract from the
apex (bottom) up
squeezing blood up
and out

Pathway of Circulation

Oxygen-poor blood
draining from the body
through veins into the
superior and inferior vena
cava flows to the right
atrium, through the
tricuspid valve, and into
the right ventricle.

As the right ventricle

contracts, oxygen-poor
blood passes through the
pulmonary valve into the
pulmonary arteries and
on to the lungs to receive
oxygen.

Pathway of Circulation

Oxygen-rich blood from

the lungs enters the heart
through the pulmonary
veins, passing into the left
atrium.
Then through the mitral
valve to the left ventricle.
Contraction of the left
ventricle forces blood
through the aortic valve
into the aorta.
Various arteries branch off
from the aorta to supply
blood to all parts of the
body.

Pathway of Circulation
Nutrients pass into tissues
Waste products filter back

Blood pumped out of

heart into arteries,
which branch into
smaller and smaller
vessels until blood flows
into capillaries

Arteries branch into

smaller and smaller
vessels (arterioles)

They eventually
become capillaries,
which supply blood
to all body parts

Capillaries merge
into (venuoles) which
join into veins and
carry blood back to
the heart.

Blood returns to the

heart through the veins

Heart

Capillary

Capillary
network

Pathway of Circulation

Pathway of Circulation
14

16

14

15

1
7

13
6

9
5 12 10
2
3
11
4
1

It takes about And

1 min.so
foron
blood
to make 1 complete cycle

Cardiovascular
Circuits
Pulmonary Circuit
Lung
Pulmonary
artery

Pulmonary
vein

Right
atrium

Left
atrium

Vena
cava

Aorta

Right
ventricle

Left
ventricle

Systemic Circuit
oxygen-poor blood
oxygen-rich blood

Pulmonary Circulation
Takes place on the right side of the heart.
Pumps
blood
low in
oxygen
to the
lungs
to pick up
oxygen and
return to heart

Systemic Circulation

Takes place on left side of heart

Oxygenated blood is pumped to
the body
cells thru
the aorta
and other
arteries
Blood low
in oxygen
returns to
the heart

Coronary Circulation
The coronary circulation consists of the
blood vessels that supply blood to, and
remove blood from the heart muscle
itself.
Although blood
fills the chambers
of the heart, the
muscle tissue of
the heart is so
thick that it
requires coronary
blood vessels to
deliver blood deep
into the myocardium.

Coronary Circulation

The vessels
that supply
blood high in
oxygen to the
myocardium
are known as
coronary
arteries.

Blood Vessels

Form a closed circuit

of tubes that carry
blood throughout the
body

Laid end to end, the

blood vessels in an
average human body
will stretch
approximately 62,000
miles2.5 times
around the earth

Blood Vessels

Have characteristic
features
Are distinguished by
size, tissue layers
and direction of
blood flow

Blood Vessels

Arteries

Receive blood from

ventricles
Take blood away
from the heart
Usually carry
oxygenated blood
Thickest vessel walls
Withstand greater blood pressure
Are very elastic
Connect to capillaries
Aorta is the largest artery

Blood Vessels

Veins

Transport blood away from capillaries

Carry blood
toward heart
Take blood to atria
Have valves
Thinner vessel
walls with less
smooth muscles
than arteries
Can stretch a great deal
Have larger diameters
Usually carry de-oxygenated blood
Vena cava is the largest vein

Blood Vessels

The contraction of muscles compressing

veins helps push blood up through the leg
veins back to the heart. The valves allow the
blood to flow towards the heart only.
Calf muscle
relaxed

Calf muscle
contracts

Muscle
squeezes veins

Valves
OPEN

Veins constrict;
blood moves;
valves open

Valves
CLOSED
Veins dialated;
blood still;
valves closed

Blood Vessels

Capillaries
Smallest of blood vessels
Only one cell thick (epithelial cell)
Connect arteries to veins
Bring oxygen
and nutrients
to cells
Removes
CO2, urea,
and other wastes from cells
Where blood is under low pressure and
moving slowly

Blood Vessels

A network of capillaries runs

close to the cells in every part
of the body. The capillaries
have very thin walls which
allows nutrients to diffuse
through into the tissues and
waste products to filter back
into the capillaries.

Capillaries

Artery

Arteriole

capillaries

Venule

Tissue cells

Vein

C
O
M
P
A
R
I
S
O
N
O
F

B
L
O
O
D
V
E
S
S
E
L
S

Blood Pressure
Blood pressure refers to the force
exerted by circulating blood on
the walls of blood vessels

The pressure of the circulating blood decreases

as blood moves through arteries, arterioles,
capillaries, venules, and veins

Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is most commonly
measured via a sphygmomanometer
(blood pressure cuff)
It uses the height of a column of
mercury to reflect the circulating
pressure

Average blood
pressure for
an adult is 120/80

Blood Pressure
Systolic pressure is defined as the
maximum pressure in the arteries
exerted during ventricular
contraction (which occurs near the
beginning of the cardiac cycle)
Diastolic pressure is the minimum
pressure exerted when ventricles
relax and fill (at the resting phase
or end of the cardiac cycle)
Blood pressure readings = S/D

Blood Pressure

Pressure waves move through

the blood vessels
A person's pulse is the throbbing
of their arteries as an effect of
the pressure waves (heart beat)
Pulse is used to denote the frequency of the heart
beat
It can be felt at neck, wrist, and
other places
Pulse is usually measured in
beats per minute.
In most people, the pulse is an
accurate measure of heart rate.

Blood Pressure
and

Vasoconstriction is narrowing of a blood vessel.

When a blood vessel constricts, the flow of
blood is restricted or slowed.
Blood pressure will increase
Vasodilatation is where blood vessels in the
body become wider
following relaxation
of smooth muscle
in vessel wall. This
will reduce blood
pressure - since
there is more room
for the blood.

Blood

The life stream of the body, affecting every

cell and
system we have.

The blood is an
accumulation of
many different
elements, each
working in a
specific way to
keep us alive.

Blood

A circulating
connective
tissue
consisting of
several types
of cells
suspended in
a fluid medium
known as
plasma.

Blood

Functions of blood:

Supply oxygen to tissues

Supply nutrients such as glucose, amino acids and
fatty acids to tissues

Removal of wastes such as CO2 ,

urea and lactic acid from tissues

Immunological functions,
including circulation of white
cells, and detection of foreign
material by antibodies

Blood

Functions of blood continued:

Messenger functions, including transport of
hormones and signaling of tissue
Coagulation,
part of body's
self-repair
mechanism
Regulation of
core body temperature
Regulation of body pH and ion concentrations

Blood

What percent of your body is blood? 8%

How much blood do we contain?

On average 4-6 liters

We contain about a pint of
blood for every 15 pounds
of body weight

Composition of Blood:

What percent of your blood is

cellular? 45%
What percent of your blood is
plasma? 55%

Blood

What is plasma?
A clear, straw
colored fluid
What percent
of plasma is
water? 90%
Whats in plasma?

Plasma
(55% of whole blood)

Buffy coat leukocytes

and platelets
(<1% of whole blood)

Erythrocytes
(45% of whole blood)

Formed
elements

Dissolved gasses
Vitamins
Minerals
Salts
Nutrients

Layering of blood components in a centrifuged blood sample

Enzymes
Hormones
Waste products
Plasma proteins

Blood

The cellular components are:

red blood cells
(erythrocytes)
white blood cells
(leukocytes)
platelets
(thrombocytes)

Blood cells are

formed in bone
marrow

Blood
B
L
O
O
D
C
E
L
L

F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

Blood

Red Blood Cell Characteristics

(RBC)- Erythrocyte
Biconcave disks
No nucleus
Contain the iron based pigment hemoglobin
which binds with oxygen to transport it
Life span about 120 days
5 billion/1mL of blood = most numerous
Are very small

Blood

To the right is a Wright's

stained peripheral blood
smear under 1000 X
magnification.

The average size of a red

blood cell is 7.2
micrometers in diameter.

To the right is an artist's

drawing showing the
biconcave shape of the
red blood cell.

Blood
How RBCs transport
oxygen....Hemoglobin
.the iron containing
pigment

Hemoglobin makes
red blood cells red

Blood

White Blood Cell Characteristics

(WBC)- Leukocyte
No definite shape
Have nucleus
Protect body against infection
Life span varies (3 days-a few months)

7,000/1mL of blood
Numbers increase if
infection is present
Larger than RBCs

Blood

Types of white
blood cells:
Monocytes are the
largest
Neutrophils are the
most numerous
Lymphocytes are
produced by the
lymph tissue
Basophils release
histamines

Blood
Types

of white blood cells:

The role of a macrophage

is to phagocytize (engulf
and then digest) cellular
debris and pathogens.

When a cell undergoes

apoptosis, programmed cell
death, white blood cells
called macrophages
consume cell debris.

Blood

Platelet Characteristics:
Thrombocyte
RBC fragments
Irregularly shaped
No nucleus
150,000-400,000/1mL
Life span about 7-11 days
Have a sticky surface
Responsible for blood
clotting (injury healing)

Blood

This is an actual picture of White Blood Cells,

in with some red blood cells. The platelets are
stained purple,
a T-Lymphocyte
white cell is
stained green,
and a Monocyte
white cell is
stained gold as
seen through a
scanning
electron
microscope.

Blood

Red blood cells and

platelets are the
most numerous.

Of the leukocytes,
neutrophils are the
most numerous

Lymphocytes are the

predominant cell type
responsible for
immune responses.

Blood Clotting
Steps in Blood Clotting:
Lets simplify
platelets clump
this shall we?
platelets release thromboblastin
thromboblastin
produces thrombin
thrombin converts
fibrinogen into fibrin
fibrin causes a clot

Fibrin

Blood Clotting

Blood vessel is injured.

Platelets clump at the

site and produce a
substance that produces
strands
of fibrin.

Fibrin strands help

to clog the opening
or hole in the vessel.

Blood Clotting
Needed to
stop
bleeding
(hemorrhage)

Blood Types

ABO Blood Groups:

Red blood cell membranes may
contain antigens a substance
that triggers an immune response
in blood that does not contain the
same antigen.

Blood plasma may contain antibodies, specialized

proteins that bind to
non-self antigens to destroy them.

It is important to prevent the mixing

of red cells that contain an antigen with plasma that
contains the corresponding antibody.

Blood Types

Antigens

Blood Types
AntiBody

Donate
To

Receive
From

Type

Antigen

Anti - B A or AB

A or O

Anti - A B or AB

B or O

AB

A+B

Neither

AB

None

Both

Universal
O,A,B,AB
Donor

Universal

AB,A,B,O
Receiver
O

Blood Types

Blood Types
Blood Transfusion
The process of
transferring blood or
blood-based products
from one person into
the circulatory system
of another

For blood loss due to

trauma, surgery, or
severe anemia

Can be life-saving

Blood Types
What Happens When Mixing Wrong Blood Type?

Antibodies in blood will attack the foreign blood.

They will cause the blood cells to clump. agglutination.

Will stop the

blood from
moving.

Circulatory
system
shuts down

Blood Types: Rh Factor

An additional antigen found on the surface of red

blood cells.

Rh + Means that the person carries the

antigen.

Rh -

Means that
the person
DOES NOT
carry the
antigen.

Blood Types: Rh Factor

Percentage of the Population With Each Blood Type
Rh+

Rh-

38.5% 6.5%

34.3% 5.7%

8.6%

1.4%

AB

4.3%

0.7%

The Rh, or
rhesus,
factor was
discovered in
1940 when
testing blood
with a rhesus monkey.
The Rh system was named
after rhesus monkeys, since
they were initially used in the
research to make the
antiserum for typing blood
samples.

Blood Types: Rh Factor

Rh-negative
Woman with
Rh-positive
fetus
Rh-negative
Woman and
Rh-positive man
conceive a child

Cells from
Rh-positive
fetus enter
womans
bloodstream

Woman
becomes
sensitizedantibodies
( + ) from
to fight
Rh-positive
blood cells

In the next
Rh-positive
pregnancy,
maternal
antibodies
attack fetal
red blood
cells

Circulatory System Disorders

Heart Disease

Risk factors

Older age
Male gender
Cigarette smoking
High cholesterol
Diabetes
Stress
Obesity
Heredity
Physical inactivity
High blood pressure

Quitting smoking, a healthy diet and exercise may

reduce your risk of heart disease

Plaque in
coronary
artery

Circulatory System Disorders

Atherosclerosis

Starts with damage or injury to the inner layer of an

artery
Fatty deposits called plaque
build up in the arteries
This causes:
Blockage
in artery
Less
flexible
vessels
High
Blood
Pressure

Circulatory System Disorders

Hypertension

High Blood Pressure

Makes the heart
and blood
vessels work
harder
Increases the
chance of heart
disease, heart
attack or stroke

Circulatory System Disorders

Heart Attack
acute myocardial infarction
Interruption of oxygen
supply to the heart
Causes death of
the heart muscle
Leading cause of
death in both men
and women

Coronary Blockage

Circulatory System Disorders

Heart Attack

Symptoms

Chest pain
Squeezing or heavy pressure
on chest
Pain that radiates down left
shoulder and arm
Shortness of breath
Nausea or vomiting
Anxiety or Fainting
Lightheadedness - dizziness
Palpitations (feeling like your
heart is beating too fast)
Sweating, which may be
extreme

Circulatory System Disorders

Stroke
Interruption of oxygen supply to the brain
Caused by:

A clot in an artery
in the brain
Breakage of an
artery in the brain

Causes brain cells

to be deprived
of oxygen and die

Hemorrhagic stroke
blood vessel ruptures

Thrombotic stroke
blood clot in
cerebral artery

Circulatory System Disorders

Thrombosis/Embolism

Thrombosis is the formation of

a clot (thrombus) inside a blood
vessel, obstructing the flow of
blood
Embolism occurs
when an object
(usually a blood
clot) migrates
from one part
of the body
(through
circulation)
and causes a blockage (occlusion) of
a blood vessel in another part of the body

Circulatory System Disorders

Hemorrhage

Hemorrhage is the medical term

for bleeding - the loss of blood
from the body
Hemorrhage generally becomes
dangerous, or even fatal, when
it causes hypovolemia (low blood volume)
or hypotension (low blood pressure).

Hematoma- a collection
of blood due to internal
bleeding
(burse)

Gingival Hemorrhage

Circulatory System Disorders

Hem philia

A rare inherited bleeding disorder in which

the blood does not clot normally

The person is missing or has low levels of certain

proteins in the blood called clotting factors
Usually occurs only in males
They suffer prolonged bleeding
even with minor injuries
Bleeding can occur internally,
in joints and
muscles,
which
causes
Swelling in left knee joint
swelling
and pain

due to spontaneous bleeding

Circulatory System Disorders

Anemia

A condition where there is an abnormally low

number of red blood cells circulating in the body or
when the blood does not have enough hemoglobin
The body's tissues are being starved of oxygen
Most common disorder of the red blood cells,
affecting (~) 3.5 million
Americans
There are different
kinds of anemia
Iron Deficiency
Vitamin Deficiency
Hemolytic Anemias
Sickle Cell Anemia

Circulatory System Disorders

Anemia

A person with anemia

will feel tired, weak,
breathless, and dizzy

They may have a pale

complexion, increased heart
rate, low blood pressure, and
difficulty concentrating

The severity of the symptoms

is related to the severity of
anemia

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Circulatory System Disorders

Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle cell trait- The person is

carrying the defective gene,
but also has some normal
hemoglobin

Sickle cell anemiaThe person has

most or all of the
normal hemoglobin
replaced with the
sickle hemoglobin

Circulatory System Disorders

Valve Disorders

Valvular Regurgitation

Valvular stenosis

A condition in which
there is a narrowing,
stiffening, thickening,
fusion or
blockage of
one or more
valves of
the heart.

Circulatory System Disorders

Heart Murmur

A whooshing sound between the heart beats

The whoosh is an extra noise that blood makes as it
flows through any of the heart's chambers or valves or
even through a hole within the heart
More than half of all children have a heart murmur at
some time in their lives and most of these don't mean
anything is wrong
Normal Heart Valve

Opened

Closed

Problems
Opening

Problems
Closing

Circulatory System Disorders

Heart Murmur

Innocent heart murmurs can occur

when blood flows more rapidly through the
heart - such as during physical activity or
exercise, pregnancy, fever, anemia, from
aging or even heart surgery

Over time, innocent heart murmurs may

disappear

Abnormal heart murmurs are caused

by structural defects in the heart.

congenital heart defects, valve
abnormalities, or holes in the heart

Some abnormal defects can be treated

with medicines while others require
surgical repair

Circulatory System Disorders

Aneurysm

Localized, blood-filled dilation

(bulge) of a blood vessel caused by
disease or weakening of the vessel
wall
Most commonly occur in arteries at
the base of
the brain and
in the aorta
Can burst and
lead to death
at any time

Blood Vessel Microscope Slide