Sat Com Intro

Satellite Communications
Introduction
General concepts
Satellite characteristics
System components
Orbits
Power sources
Communications
Frequencies
Path losses
GPS Satellite - NASA
1/13/09
2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III
Lect 01 - 1
Text
Text
Satellite Communications, Second Edition, T.
Pratt, C. Bostian, and J. Allnut, John Wilen &
Sons, 2003.
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 2
Other Useful References

Ippolito, Louis J., Jr., Satellite Communications Systems Engineering, John Wiley,
2008.
Kraus, J. D., Electromagnetics, McGraw-Hill, 1953.
Kraus, J. D., and Marhefka, R. J., Antennas for All Applications, Third Edition,
McGraw-Hill, 2002.
Morgan, W. L. , and Gordon, G. D., Communications Satellite Handbook, John
Wiley & Sons, 1989.
Proakis, J. G., and Salehi, M., Communication Systems Engineering, Second
Edition, Prentice-Hall, 2002.
Roddy, D, Satellite Communications, Fourth Edition, Mc Graw-Hill, 1989.
Stark, H., Tuteur, F. B., and Anderson, J. B., Modern Electrical Communications,
Second Edition, Prentice-Hall, 1988.
Tomasi, W., Advanced Electronic Communications Systems, Fifth Edition,
Prentice-Hall, 2001.
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 3
General Concepts
Satellite is in (earth) orbit
Special orbits have particularly useful properties
Carries its own source of power
Communications possible with:

Ground station fixed on earth surface
Moving platform (Non-orbital)
Another orbiting satellite
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 4
Advantages
Disadvantages
What is involved
Why use space
Frequency spectrum
Satellite components and systems
System design considerations
1/13/09
Lect 00 - 5
Advantages of Satellites
High channel capacity (>100 Mb/s)
Low error rates (Pe ~ 10-6)
Stable cost environment (no long-distance
cables or national boundaries)
Wide area coverage (whole North America,
for instance)
Coverage can be shaped by antenna patterns
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 6
Disadvantages of Satellites
Expensive to launch
Expensive ground stations required
Cannot be maintained
Limited frequency spectrum
Limited orbital space (geosynchronous)
Constant ground monitoring required for
positioning and operational control
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 7
Satellite Communications Needs

Space vehicle used as communications
platform
(Earth-Space-Earth, Space-Earth, Space-Space)
Space vehicle used as sensor platform with

communications
Ground station(s) (Tx/Rx)
Ground receivers (Rx only)
1/13/09
Lect 00 - 8
Satellite Characteristics
Orbital parameters
Height (velocity & period related to this)
Orientation (determined by application)
Location (especially for geostationary orbits)
Power sources
Principally solar power
Stored gas/ion sources for position adjustment
1/13/09
Lect 00 - 9
Satellite Characteristics
Orbiting platforms for data gathering and
communications position holding/tracking
VHF, UHF, and microwave radiation used for
communications with Ground Station(s)
Signal path losses - power limitations
Systems difficult to repair and maintain
Sensitive political environment, with competing
interests and relatively limited preferred space
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 10
Application Examples
1/13/09
Telecommunications
Military communications
Navigation systems
Remote sensing and surveillance
Radio / Television Broadcasting
Astronomical research
Weather observation
Lect 01 - 11
Orbits
Have particular advantages and
disadvantages
Are determined by satellite mission
Obey Kepplers Laws
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 12
Types of Orbit
Dr. Leila Z. Ribeiro, George Mason University
1/13/09
Lect 00 - 13
Orbital Altitudes and Problems

Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
80 - 500 km altitude
Atmospheric drag below 300 km
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)

2000 - 35000 km altitude
Van Allen radiation between 200 - 1000 km
Geostationary Orbit (GEO)

35,786 km altitude (42,164.57 km radius)
Difficult orbital insertion and maintenance
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 14
LEO and MEO Features
Earth coverage requires multiple passes

Typical pass requires about 90 minutes
Signal paths relatively short (lower losses)
Small area, high resolution ground image
Earth station tracking required
Multiple satellites for continuous coverage
(Decreases with increasing altitude - Telstar)
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 15
The Clarke Orbit

Arthur C. Clarke, Wireless World, February,
1945, p58.
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 16
Geostationary Orbit (GEO)
Appears fixed over point on earth equator

Each satellite can cover 120 degrees latitude
Orbital Radius = 42,164.17 km
Earth Radius = 6,378.137 km (avg)
Period (Sidereal Day) = 23.9344696 hr
(86164.090530833 seconds)
Long signal path - large path losses

1/13/09
Lect 01 - 17
Orbital Features
Ground image area (instantaneous)

Ground track coverage (multiple orbits)
Stationarity (geostationary orbit)
Space coverage (satellite-satellite)
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 18
Orbital Inclination Angles

Equatorial
Prograde - toward the east
Retrograde - toward the west
Inclined
Various inclination angles, including polar
Geostationary
Sun synchronous
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 19
Earth Coverage
By the Law of Sines:
rs
d
sin( ) sin( )
and,
90
The elevation angle is approximately,
cos( ) rs sin( ) / d
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 20
Earth Coverage (continued)

The total coverage area on the surface of the
earth is given by,
A 2 re2 (1 Cos[ ])
Ref:
http://www.cdeagle.com/ommatlab/coverage.pdf
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 21
Sample Calculation [Mathematica]

re = 6378.137; (* km *)
delta = 32.4171; (* degrees *)
area = 2 p re^2 (1 - Cos[delta Degree]);
Print["Area = ", area, [km^2]"]
Area = 3.98313*10^7 [km^2]
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 22
Ground Coverage Area

Coverage with satellite altitude,
re
Sin
rsat
1
rsat
Sin Sin[ ]
re
A 2 re2 (1 Cos[ ])
1
For satellite radius rsat

1/13/09
Lect 01 - 23
Coverage vs Satellite Altitude
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 24

Mathematica
Notebook
re = 6378.137; (* km *)
rs = re + hs;
alpha = ArcSin[re/rs]
ad = alpha/Degree
delta = ArcSin[(rs/re)*Sin[alpha]] - alpha
dd = delta/Degree
A = 2 p re^2 (1.0 - Cos[delta])
Plot[A, {hs, 1000, 2000}, AxesLabel -> "Coverage [km^2]", Frame ->
True,
FrameLabel -> {"Altitude [km]", "Coverage [km^2]"}]
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 25
System Components
Satellite(s)
Ground station(s)
Computer systems
Information network
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 26
Basic Satellite Network
Satellite network with earth stations.
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 27
Satellite Components
Receiving antenna
Receiver (uplink)
Processing (decode, security, encode, other)
Transmitter (downlink)
Transmitting antenna (beam shaping)
Possible (de)multiplexing (for rotating satellites)
Power and environmental control systems
Attitude control
Possible position holding (geosynchronous)
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 28
Simple Satellite Schematic
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 29
Telemetry Block Diagram
11/13/2014
Lect 03 - 30
Satellite Power Sources

Solar panels (near-earth satellites)
Power degrades over time - relatively long
Radioactive isotopes (deep space probes)

Lower power over very long life
Fuel cells (space stations with resupply)

High power but need maintenance and chemical
resupply
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 31
Solar Panels
Type: GaAs/Ge
Voltage: 53.1 Volts
Power: 1940 Watts
( Effective Load +
Source Resistance:
1.45341 )
Geostationary Operational Environmental

Satellites (GOES) - Ground testing of solar
panels, NASA
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 32
Solar Power
Power available in orbit: ~1400 watts of
sunlight per square meter
Conversion efficiency: ~25%
Useful power: ~350 Watts/square meter
Panel steering required for maximum power
Typical power levels: 2 - 75 kW
Photocell output degrades over time
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 33
Communications Links
Via electromagnetic waves (radio)

Typically at microwave frequencies
High losses due to path length
Many interference sources
Attenuation due to atmosphere and weather
High-gain antennas needed (dish)
1/13/09
Lect 00 - 34
Bandwidth/Spectrum
Frequency band: range of frequencies
Bandwidth: size or width (in Hertz) of a
frequency band
Channel capacity increases with bandwidth
(see next slide Slide 29)
Electromagnetic spectrum: all frequencies
(DC to light see Slide 30)
1/13/09
Lect 00 - 35
Cnannel Capacity
Shannon (BSTJ, Vol. 27,1938)
The capacity C [bits/s] of a channel with
bandwidth W, and signal/noise power ratio
S/N is
S
C W log 2 1
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 36
Frequency and Wavelength

Velocity = Frequency * Wavelength
Wavelength = Velocity/Frequency
where,
velocity velocity of light in vacuum
( about 3 x 108 meters/sec)
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 37
Satellite Communications Frequencies

Generally between 300 MHz and 300 GHz.
The microwave spectrum
Allows efficient generation of signal power
Energy radiated into space
Energy may be focused
Efficient reception over a specified area.
Properties vary according to the frequency used:
Propagation effects (diffraction, noise, fading)
Antenna Sizes
1/13/09
Lect 00 - 38
Millimeter Waves
Planck space exploration satellite
Planck is a flagship mission of the European Space Agency (Esa).
It was launched in May 2009 and moved to an observing position
more than a million km from Earth on its "night side".It carries two
instruments that observe the sky across nine frequency bands. The
High Frequency Instrument (HFI) operates between 100 and 857
GHz (wavelengths of 3mm to 0.35mm), and the Low Frequency
Instrument (LFI) operates between 30 and 70 GHz (wavelengths of
10mm to 4mm).
Johnson noise problems

Some of its detectors operate at minus 273.05C
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 39
Communications Channel
Microwave energy at frequency, f (Hertz)
Moves at velocity, v [m/s]
With wavelength (distance between peak
intensities), [m]
Formula: = v / f (v = c for space) Note:
The speed of light, c, in a vacuum (space) is
fixed at, c = 299 792 458 [m/s]
v f
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 40
Microwaves
Frequencies from 0.3 GHz to 300 GHz.
- Line of sight propagation (space and atmosphere).
- Blockage by dense media (hills, buildings, rain)
- Wide bandwidths compared to lower frequency bands.
- Compact antennas, directionality possible.
-Reduced efficiency of generation
1 GHz to 170 GHZ spectrum divided into bands with letter
designations (see next slide)
1/13/09
Lect 00 - 41
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Wikipedia
1/13/09
Lect 00 - 42
Designated Microwave Bands

Standard designations
For microwave bands
Common bands for satellite
communication are the L, C
and Ku bands.
Wikipedia
1/13/09
Lect 00 - 43
Common Frequency Allocations

L band
0.950 - 1.450 GHz
Note: GPS at 1.57542 GHz
C band
3.7 - 4.2 GHz (Downlink)
5.925 - 6.425 GHz (Uplink)
Ku band
11.7 - 12.2 GHz (Downlink)
14 - 14.5 GHz (Uplink)
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 44
Other Frequency Allocations

Ka band
18.3 - 18.8, 19.7 - 20.2 GHz (Downlink)
30 GHz (Uplink)
V band
40 - 75 GHz
60 GHz allocated for unlicensed (WiFi) use
70, 80, and 90 GHz for other wireless
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 45
Wavelength/Antenna Constraints
Maximal antenna sizes push satellite radio
wavelengths below 2m.
Requirements for antenna gain, due to
communication path losses, reduce the
practical wavelengths to below 20cm.
(Diameter, d, of many wavelengths, )
Dish-Antenna Power Gain = (d/ 2
(where is antenna efficiency)
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 46
Antenna Gain Calculation

Ku-Band antenna
Diameter 80 cm (d/ = 40), = 0.6
(about 40 wavelengths at 15GHz)
Power Gain = 0.6*(3.14*40)2 = 15775
GdB = 10 log10[Power Gain ] = 40 dB
Note: Losses and sidelobe effects can reduce
this gain to 60% or less of its possible value.
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 47
Antenna Gain Efficiency

From text, p115
d / = 5.6 (4GHz), = 0.35
GaindB = 10 log10 (d/ )2 = 20.9 dB
From text, p116
d = 9m, = 0.075m (4GHz),
GaindB = 10 log10 (d/ )2 = 49.3 dB
Note: Smaller antenna has lower efficiency.
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 48
C-Band
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 49
C-Band
Frequencies: 3.7 - 6.425 GHz ( ~5cm)
Uses:
TV reception (motels)
IEEE-802.11 WiFi
VSAT
Features:
Large dish antenna needed (3m diameter)
Low rain fade - Low atmospheric atten. (long paths)
Low power - terrestrial microwave interferences
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 50
Ku-Band
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 51
Ku-Band
Frequencies: 12 - 18 GHz ( ~ 2cm)
Uses:
Remote TV broadcasting
Satellite communications
VSAT
Features:
Rain, snow, ice (on dish) susceptibility
Small antenna size - high antenna gain
High power allowed
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 52
Ka-Band
Frequencies: 18 - 40 GHz ( ~ 1cm)
Uses:
High-resolution radar
Communications systems
Deep space communications
Features:
Obstacles interfere
Atmospheric absorption
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 53
V-Band
Frequencies: 40 to 75 GHz. ( ~ 5 mm)
Uses:
Millimeter wave radar research (expensive!)
High capacity millimeter wave communications
Point-to-point fixed wireless systems (WiFi)
Features:
1/13/09
Rain fade
Obstacles block path
Expensive equipment
Lect 01 - 54
Path Loss
Losses increase with frequency
Long path lengths (dispersion with distance)
( Path lengths can be over 42,000 km )
Rain, snow, ice, & cloud attenuation
Atmospheric noise effects that increase the
Bit Error Rate (BER)
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 55
Link budget analysis

Overview
Antenna gain
Path loss
Obstacle loss
Atmospheric loss
Receiver gain
11/13/2014
Lect 06 - 56
Antenna Gain and Link Losses

Pt = transmitted power
Pr - received power
At = transmit antenna aperture
Ar = receive antenna aperture
Lp = path loss
La = atmospheric attenuation loss
Ld = diffraction losses
Antenna Gain (t or t):
Gt/r = 4Ae t/r/ 2
Combined Antenna Gain (t + t):
G = GtGy
11/13/2014
Lect 04 - 57
Simple Path Loss Model

Free-space power loss = (4d / )2
In dB this becomes,
LossdB 32.44 20 log10 (d) 20 log10 ( f )

where:
d is the path distance in
km
f is the frequency in MHz
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 58
Sample Path Loss Calculation

Ku band geosynchronous satellite:
f = 15,000 MHz
d = 42,000 km
LossdB = 32.44 +
20 log10(40,000) +
20 log10(15,000) = 208 dB
Atmospheric losses must be added to this
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 59
BPSK Bit Error Rate Graph
11/13/2014
Lect 05 - 60
Atmospheric Attenuation
O2
53.5 65.2 GHz
H2 O
22.2 GHz
Microwave Attenuation [dB/km] vs Frequency [GHz], Wikipedia
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 61
H2O vs Dry Air Absorption
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 62
Remedies for Path Loss
High gain antennas

High transmitter power
Low-noise receivers
Tracking of antennas
Modulation techniques
Error correcting codes
Frequency selection
1/13/09
Lect 00 - 63
Radiation Pattern of Aperture

0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
- 0.01
- 0.02
- 0.03
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
E-field for aperture with D/ = 10
The Mathematica notebook follows, for D/ = 10:
11/13/2014
Lect 04 - 64
System Example
Intelsat GALAXY-11 at 91W (NORAD 26038)
39.1 dBW on C-Band (20W, 24 ch, Bw: 36 MHz)
5945 (+n*20 MHz) MHz Uplink

3720 (+n*20 MHz) MHz Downlink
47.8 dBW on Ku-Band (75/140W, 40 ch, Bw: 36 MHz)

14020 (+n*20 MHz) MHz Uplink
11720 (+n*20 MHz) MHz Downlink
Power Supply: 10 kW (Xenon ion propulsion needs)

Polarization: v (odd), h (even) - Downlink opposite
11/13/2014
Lect 02 - 65
Intelsat Galaxy-11 Specifications

Location:
Power:
Antennas:
C-Band:
Ku-Band:
Transponders:
24 channels C-Band:
24 channels Ku-Band:
16 channels Ku-Band:
1/13/09
91W
Solar, 10.4 KW
2.4m
1.8m
20W each
75W (data)
140W (TV video)
Lect 01 - 66
Intelsat Galaxy-11 C-Band Coverage
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 67
Intelsat Galaxy-11 Ku-Band Coverage
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 68
Conclusions
Limited satellite transmitter power

Significant path losses
High gain antennas needed
Antenna patterns can be shaped as desired
Location and tracking necessary
Atmospheric effects can be significant
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 69
End
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 70

Sat Com Intro

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Satellite Communications

GPS Satellite - NASA

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

Other Useful References

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

Communications possible with:

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

Satellite Communications Needs

Space vehicle used as sensor platform with

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

Dr. Leila Z. Ribeiro, George Mason University

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

Orbital Altitudes and Problems

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)

Geostationary Orbit (GEO)

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

LEO and MEO Features

Earth coverage requires multiple passes

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

The Clarke Orbit

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

Geostationary Orbit (GEO)

Appears fixed over point on earth equator

Long signal path - large path losses

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

Ground image area (instantaneous)

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

Orbital Inclination Angles

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

Earth Coverage (continued)

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

Sample Calculation [Mathematica]

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

Ground Coverage Area

For satellite radius rsat

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

Coverage vs Satellite Altitude

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

Basic Satellite Network

Satellite network with earth stations.

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

Simple Satellite Schematic

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

Telemetry Block Diagram

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

Satellite Power Sources

Radioactive isotopes (deep space probes)

Fuel cells (space stations with resupply)

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III

Geostationary Operational Environmental

2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III