BAHAN PLASTIK

PLASTICS FUNDAMENTALS

WHAT ARE PLASTICS?

WHAT ARE PLASTICS MADE OF?
HOW ARE PLASTICS CLASSIFIED?
HOW ARE PLASTICS IDENTIFIED?
WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
PLASTICS?

PLASTICS
PART OF OUR EVERYDAY LIVES
COMMONLY USED IN OUR EVERYDAY
SURROUNDINGS

MULTIFACETED MATERIALS
IDEAL PROPERTIES MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO PRODUCE THESE MATS.
SYNTHETICALLY

YOUNG MATERIALS
BEGAN IN THE 19 CENTURY BOOM AFTER WORLD WAR II

WHAT ARE PLASTICS?

WHAT ARE PLASTICS?

Plastic is a term that covers a range of synthetic or
semisynthetic polymerization products.
They are composed of organic condensation or
addition polymers and may contain other substances
to improve performance or economics.
Plastics MATERIALS THAT DIFFER IN STRUCTURE,
PROPERTIES & COMPOSITION.

Plastics are designed with variation in properties such

as heat tolerance, hardness, resiliency and many
others.
Properties (Plastics)
- vary so widely
they are often use to replace conventional
materials such as wood or metal.

***light weight plastics ensures their use in almost

all industrial segments

Ramuan Plastik (Plastics Ingredient)

Kebanyakan produk plastik telah ditambah dengan bahan-bahan

lain untuk mendapatkan dan meningkatkan sifat yang dikehendaki.

Terdapat 3 kategori utama bahan-bahan yang biasanya ditambah

dalam penghasilan bahan plastik iaitu:
Fillers (pengisi)
Additives (bahan tambah)

Reinforcements (tetulang)

WHAT ARE PLASTICS MADE OF?

MONOMERS The basic substances for
Polymers
RAW MATERIALS ???

RAW MATERIALS FOR PLASTICS

The raw materials used in the production of
plastics are natural substances.
Such as cellulose, coal, petroleum &
natural gas

The molecules contains

- carbon(C) & hydrogen(H)
- oxygen(O), nitrogen(N) & sulfur(S) can also
be involved
The most important raw material for plastics is
pertoleum.
***Only 4% of all petroleum is processed into
plastics.

RAW MATERIALS FOR PLASTICS

Petroleum
100%

Gasolines

Diesel fuel and heating oils

20%

70%

Miscellaneous

10%
Raw materials for
Chemicals 7%

Non diesel fuels

13%
Plastics

Other chemical
Products

3%

4%

Polyethylene (PE)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Polyurethane foams
( PUR)

Polypropylene (PP)

Polyamides (PA)
Polyester (PS)

HOW ARE PLASTICS CLASSIFIED?

PLASTIC
Two types of plastic; 1) Thermoplastic
2) Thermo set
Thermoplastic
Can be recycled by heating without chemical
changing.
It can be formed at 115C to 327C
Thermoset
It can be formed by heating and compression.
Solid thermoset plastic cannot be recycled.

PLASTIC
Two types of plastic

Thermoplastics
ABS (Acrylonitrile-ButadieneStyrene )

Fluoropolymers
Polyacetal
Polyamide
Polycarbonate
Polyethylene
Polysulfone
Thermoplastic
elastomers
more...

Thermosets
Epoxy
Phenolic Resin
Polyimide
Polyurethane
Silicone
more...

HOW ARE PLASTICS IDENTIFIED?

SYMBOL
CODES

EXAMPLE

PET
HDPE
LDPE
PVC

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PLASTICS

PLASTICS ARE LIGHT
AL 3X HEAVY AS PE
STEEL 8X HEAVY AS PE

PLASTICS ARE EASY TO

PROCESS
TEMPERATURE RANGE
UP TO 250C/400C

Part 2

BASIC THEORY OF MAKING PLASTICS

Monomers & Polymers
Monomers basic substances used in making plastics.

To

By chemical reaction
(to convert individual molecules to a macromolecule)

Polymers The molecule composed of many monomers

Making Plastics
To make plastics, chemists and chemical
engineers must do the following on an industrial
scale:
1. Prepare raw materials and monomers
2. Carry out polymerization reactions
3. Process the polymers into final
polymer resins
4. Produce finished products

Making Plastics
1st - start with various raw materials that make up the
monomers.
Example - Ethylene and propylene, come from crude oil,
which contains the hydrocarbons that make up the
monomers.
The hydrocarbon raw materials are obtained from the
"cracking process" used in refining oil and natural gas .
Hydrocarbons are obtained from cracking
are chemically processed to make hydrocarbon
monomers and other carbon monomers (like styrene,
vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile) used in plastics.

Making Plastics
Next, the monomers carry out polymerization reactions
in large polymerization plants.
The reactions produce polymer resins, which are
collected and further processed.
Processing can include the addition of plasticizers, dyes
and flame-retardant chemicals.
The final polymer resins are usually in the forms of
pellets or beads +.....

Making Plastics
Finally - the polymer resins are processed into final
plastic products.
Generally - they are heated, molded and allowed to cool.
There are several processes involved in this stage,
depending upon the type of product.

Making Plastics
Processes involved
Extrusion: Pellets are heated and mechanically mixed in a
long chamber, forced through a small opening and cooled
with air or water. This method is used to make plastic
films.
Injection molding: The resin pellets are heated and
mechanically mixed in a chamber and then forced under
high pressure into a cooled mold. This process is used for
containers like butter and yogurt tubs.

Making Plastics
Blow molding: This technique is used in conjunction with
extrusion or injection molding. The resin pellets are
heated and compressed into a liquid tube, like
toothpaste. The resin goes into the chilled mold, and
compressed air gets blown into the resin tube. The air
expands the resin against the walls of the mold. This
process is used to make plastic bottles.
Rotational molding: The resin pellets are heated and
cooled in a mold that can be rotated in three dimensions.
The rotation evenly distributes the plastic along the walls
of the mold. This technique is used to make large, hollow
plastic items (toys, furniture, sporting equipment, septic
tanks, garbage cans and kayaks).

chemical reaction?

Pempolimeran/Polymerization
Suatu proses t/balas kimia (dgn bantuan
mangkin, haba & tekanan)
dimana monomer-monomer bertukar dan
bercantum menjadi polimer

Kaedah-kaedah
Catalyst/mangkin
Ziegler-Natta
Chromium
Metalloscene

Ziegler-Natta

Polymers prepared by ZieglerNatta catalysts

POLYETHYLENE/POLYETHENE