Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
by
Daniels and Radebaugh
Chapter 2
Cultural Environments
Facing Business
2-1
Objectives
To relate the problems and methods of learning about cultural
environments
To explain the major causes of cultural difference and change
To examine behavioral factors influencing countries business
practices
To examine cultural guidelines for companies that operate
internationally
2-2
Introduction
Culture
The specific learned norms based on attitudes, values, and
beliefs that exist in every nation
An integral part of external environments
Problems of cultural collision occur when
Company practices work less well than intended
Employees are unable to accept or adjust to foreign
environment
Every business function subject to cultural problems
2-3
COMPETITIVE
ENVIRONMENT
OPERATIONS
OBJECTIVES
Cultural awareness
Identification and
dynamics of cultures
Behavioral practices
affecting business
Strategies for dealing
with cultural differences
STRATEGY
MEANS
2-4
Cultural Awareness
Problems that hinder cultural awareness
Subconscious reactions to circumstances
Assumption that all societal subgroups are similar
Cultural awareness can be improved
Research descriptions of specific cultures
Observe behavior or respected foreign nationals
Study foreign market directly
Companys need for cultural knowledge increases as it
Moves from one to multiple foreign functions
Increases the number of countries in which it operates
Moves from similar to dissimilar foreign environments
Converts from external to internal handling of international
operations
2-5
2-6
2-7
2-10
Relationship Preferences
Power distancedescribes relationship between superiors and
subordinates
Highpeople prefer little consultation
autocratic or paternalistic management
Lowconsultative styles preferred
easier to implement worker participation
Individualism versus collectivism
Individualismlow dependence on organization and desire for
personal time, freedom, and challenge
self-actualization a prime motivator
Collectivismdependence on organization
value secure physical and social environments
Influences how employees interact with their colleagues
Influences marketing strategies
2-11
Risk-Taking Behavior
Uncertainty avoidance
Highprefer set rules and lifetime employment
supervisors need to be precise when issuing directives
customers less willing to try new products
Trust
Leads to lower cost of doing business
Fatalismbelief in inevitability of events rather than self-determination
High fatalismpeople plan less for contingencies
2-12
2-13
2-14
Understanding
Elation
Frustration
Low
2
3
4 5 6
Months Living in New Culture
2-15
2-16
2-17
2-18