Slide 06 - Operators and Expressions

Operators and
Expressions
Knowledge:
Know the types of basic arithmetic operators and their order of
precedence
Skill:
Develop skills in computer arithmetic
Computer Science Department
FTSM
Introduction
We use arithmetic expressions to solve

most programming problems
Arithmetic expressions comprise of

operators and operands
There are rules for writing and

evaluating arithmetic expressions
TK1913-C Programming
Operator and Operand

What are operator and operand?
Example:
W+Z
Operand
Operand
Operator
Operator and Operand

Which is which?
Operator ??
Example:
A/B
Operand??
Basic Arithmetic Operators
Addition (+)
Modulus (%)
Subtraction (-)
Division (/)
Multiplication (*)
Basic Arithmetic Operators
Multiplication, addition and subtraction are

the simplest to use
Division is easy, but some precautions need to

be taken
Modulus is the one that normally confuses

novices
So, lets study in detail the Division and Modulus

Division
Example:
W/Z
Integer Division
W and Z are integers
Floating Division
W or Z or both are
floats
Integer Division
Example:
8/2=4
an integer
the result is
an integer
also an integer
8
Integer Division
Example:
12 / 5 = 2
an integer
the result is
an integer
also an integer
9
Floating Division
Example:
12.0 / 5 = 2
a float
the result is a
float
an integer
10
Something to ponder
What will be the answer
if an integer is divided
by 0? How about if one
of the operands is a
negative integer?
11
Modulus
It returns the remainder that occurs

after performing the division of 2
operands
Rule: Operands must be integers
12
Modulus
Example:
12 % 5 = 2
an integer
result
2
5 12
10
the result is the

remainder of 12/5
remainder
an integer
13
Modulus
Example:
7%3=1
an integer
result
2
3 7
6
the result is the

remainder of 7/3
remainder
an integer
14
Modulus
Example:
12.0 % 3 = ??
a float
INVALID!
an integer
15
Something to ponder
The earlier expressions
contain only one
operator at a time. What
if the expression
contains more than one
operator?
16
Arithmetic Expression
An expression may contain 2 or more

arithmetic operators
Main issue:
ORDER OF PRECEDENCE
17
Examples:
5+6
5+6*2
= 11
= 17
22 or 17?
2.5 + 6 2 * 2
= ??
12 / 6.0 2 * 2 = ??
18
Order of Precedence:
High:
Low:
* / %
+ -
All operators have a precedence level. High

precedence level operators are evaluated before
lower ones. Operators of the same precedence level
are evaluated from left to right
19
Example:
2.5 + 6 2 * 2 = 4.5
??
2.5 + 6 4
8.5 4
4.5
20
Try it!
Example:
12 + 6.0 2 * 2 = ??
Whats the answer??
21
All expressions in parentheses (brackets) must

be evaluated prior to values outside brackets
Nested parenthesized expressions must be
evaluated from the inside out, with the
innermost expression evaluated first
Example:
( 9 ( 3 + 2 ) ) * 3 = ??
22
Example:
12
(( 99 ((343 ++ 225)) )) ** 33 == ??
12
23
Assignment Statement
There are 3 types of assignment:
Simple
Multiple
Shorthand
24
Simple Assignment
Syntax:
variable = expression ;
Dont forget the semicolon !!

25
Buying
Buying price:
price: 10.00
10.00
Buying price: 10.00
_
Discount rate: 0.25
_
Discount rate: 0.25
_
Discount
rate: 0.25
For buying price RM10.00 and discount rate 0.25
For buying price RM10.00 _and discount rate 0.25
The total price is RM7.50
_
_
Simple Assignment
Example:
price 10.00
??
#include <stdio.h>
void main( ) {
discount 0.25
??
float price, discount, total;
printf(Buying price : );
total 7.50
scanf(%f, &price);
??
printf(\nDiscount rate : );
scanf(%f, &discount);
total = price (price * discount);
printf(\nFor buying price RM%.2f and discount rate %.2f\n,
price, discount);
printf(The total price is RM%.2f\n, total);
}
26
Multiple Assignment
Syntax:
variable = variable = expression ;
Dont forget the semicolon !!

27
Multiple Assignment
Example:
number
??
0
total
??
0
int number, total;

float start_x, start_y;
...
start_x 100.0
??
number = total = 0;
start_y 100.0
??
start_x = start_y = 100.0;
28
Shorthand Assignment
Syntax:
variableX = variableX op expression ;

variableX op= expression;
29
Whenever the expression on the right contains the
variable on the left (to which the value is assigned)
Example:
num = num + 5;
num
15
20
15 + 5
20
30
Expressions can also be stated using shorthand
assignment operators
Example:
num += 5;
similar to num = num + 5

shorthand assignment operator
Shorthand assignment operators have the lowest

order of precedence the last one to be evaluated
31
Operation
+=
Examples of
expression
num += 5;
num = num + 5;
-=
num -= 5;
num = num 5;
*=
num *= 5;
num = num * 5;
/=
num /= 5;
num = num / 5;
%=
num %= 5;
num = num % 5;
Description
32
Example:
pay += hour * rate * 2
similar to
pay = pay + (hour * rate * 2)
pay + (hour * rate * 2)

pay + (8 * 5.00 * 2)
100.00 + 80.00
180.00
pay
100.00
180.00
hour
rate
5.00
33
Assignment by Value
Every assignment expression has a value
Example:
int a, x, y, p;
Expression 1:
a = 1;
Line 1:
a=1;
Expression
2: x = y =x0;= y = 0;
Line 2:
Line
3:
Expression
3: p = 12;p = 12;
Line 4:
p = p +3;
p = 0;
Line 5:
q = p = p + x;
34
Relational Operators
Operation
Description
Examples
of
Expression
6<9
Value
1 (true)
<
Less than
<=
Less than or equal to
5 <= 5
1 (true)
>
Greater than
2>6
0 (false)
>=
Greater than or equal to
9 >= 5
1 (true)
==
Equal to
7 == 5
0 (false)
!=
Not equal to
6 != 5
1 (true)
35
Mantic/Logical Operators
Symbol
&&
||
!
Description
AND
OR
NOT
a && b
a || b
!a
!b
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
36
Compound Statement
Arithmetic, relational and mantic operators can be
integrated/combined in one expression
Example:
!(c>a)
! ( 15 > 2 )
!(1)
0
15
17
37
Compound Statement
Example:
(a >= 1) && (b == 5)
( 2 >= 1 ) && ( b == 5 )
1 && ( b == 5 )
1 && ( 5 == 5 )
15
17
1 && 1
1
38
Compound Statement
Example:
(c >= ( b * 3 ) ) || (a == 3)
( c >= ( 5 * 3 ) ) || ( a == 3)
( 15 >= 15 ) || ( a == 3)
1 || ( a == 3 )
1 || ( 2 == 3 )
15
1 || 0
17
1
39
Compound Statement
Example:
! ( ( a < b ) || ( c > d ) )
! ( ( 2 < 5 ) || ( c > d ) )
! ( 1 || ( c > d ) )
! ( 1 || ( 15 > 17 ) )
! ( 1 || 0 )
15
!1
17
0
40
Increment and Decrement

This operation contains only one operand, that is,
the operand which value will be incremented/
decremented
Symbol
Description Examples of Description

Expression
++
Increment
operand by 1
i++
i=i+1
--
Decrement
operand by 1
i--
i=i1
41
Increment and Decrement

Example:
num 26
27
??
int num;
printf(Key-in a number: );
scanf(%d, &num);
printf(Value before being incremented: %d\n, num);
num++;
printf(Value after being incremented: %d, num);
Key-in
Key-in aa number:
number: 26
_
26
Value
before being incremented: 26
_
_
Value
after being incremented: 27 _
42
Prefix and Postfix

Increment and Decrement operators can be either in prefix or
postfix forms
Expression
Description
i++
Value of i is incremented after being used in the

expression
++i
Value of i is incremented before being used in the

expression
i--
Value of i is decremented after being used in the

expression
--i
Value of i is decremented before being used in the

expression
43
Prefix and Postfix

Example:
j = i++ - 2
similar to
j = i 2;
5
6
i = i + 1;
??
3
44
Prefix and Postfix

Example:
j = ++i - 2
similar to
i = i + 1;
5
6
j = i 2;
??
4
45
Coersion
Coersion is used to compute a value that is equivalent
to its operands value (based on the stated data type)
Example:
int x = 10;
float y;
y = (float) x;
( float ) 10
10
??
y 10.000000
10.000000
46
Coersion
Example:
int total, number;
float average;
average = total / number;

15 / 2
7
total
15
number
??
average 7.000000
47
Coersion
Example:
int total, number;
float average;
average = (float) total / number;

15.000000 / 2
7.500000
total
15
number
??
average 7.500000
48
End of Lecture 6
Yes !! Thats all?
Whats next???
CONTROL STRUCTURE:
SELECTION on the way
49

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Operators and

We use arithmetic expressions to solve

Arithmetic expressions comprise of

There are rules for writing and

Operator and Operand

Operator and Operand

Basic Arithmetic Operators

Basic Arithmetic Operators

Multiplication, addition and subtraction are

Division is easy, but some precautions need to

Modulus is the one that normally confuses

So, lets study in detail the Division and Modulus

W and Z are integers

It returns the remainder that occurs

Rule: Operands must be integers

the result is the

the result is the

An expression may contain 2 or more

All operators have a precedence level. High

All expressions in parentheses (brackets) must

Dont forget the semicolon !!

variable = variable = expression ;

Dont forget the semicolon !!

int number, total;

start_x = start_y = 100.0;

variableX = variableX op expression ;

similar to num = num + 5

Shorthand assignment operators have the lowest

pay = pay + (hour * rate * 2)

pay + (hour * rate * 2)

Less than or equal to

Greater than or equal to

Increment and Decrement

Description Examples of Description

Increment and Decrement

Prefix and Postfix

Value of i is incremented after being used in the

Value of i is incremented before being used in the

Value of i is decremented after being used in the

Value of i is decremented before being used in the

Prefix and Postfix

Prefix and Postfix

average = total / number;

average = (float) total / number;

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