Acids & Bases

Acids:
acids are sour tasting
Arrhenius acid: Any substance that, when dissolved
in water, increases the concentration of hydronium
ion (H3O+)
Bronsted-Lowry acid: A proton donor
Lewis acid: An electron acceptor
Bases:
bases are bitter tasting and slippery
Arrhenius base: Any substance that, when dissolved
in water, increases the concentration of hydroxide
ion (OH-)
Bronsted-Lowery base: A proton acceptor
Lewis acid: An electron donor

Lone Hydrogen ions do not exist by themselves in

solution. H+ is always bound to a water molecule
to form a hydronium ion

Brnsted-Lowry Theory of Acids & Bases

Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

General Equation

Brnsted-Lowry Theory of Acids & Bases

Brnsted-Lowry Theory of Acids & Bases

Brnsted-Lowry Theory of Acids & Bases

Notice that water is both an
acid & a base = amphoteric

Reversible reaction

ELECTROLYTES
Electrolytes are species which conducts electricity when
dissolved in water. Acids, Bases, and Salts are all
electrolytes.
Salts and strong Acids or Bases form Strong
Electrolytes. Salt and strong acids (and bases) are fully
dissociated therefore all of the ions present are
available to conduct electricity.
HCl(s) + H2O H3O+ + ClWeak Acids and Weak Bases for Weak Electrolytes.
Weaks electrolytes are partially dissociated therefore
not all species in solution are ions, some of the
molecular form is present. Weak electrolytes have
less ions avalible to conduct electricity.
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

Acids & Bases

STRONG
_ completely ionized

_ strong electrolyte
_ ionic/very polar bonds
bonds

Strong Acids:
HClO4
H2SO4
HI
HBr
HCl
HNO3

vs

WEAK
_ partially ionized
_ weak electrolyte
_ some covalent

Strong Bases:
LiOH
NaOH
KOH
Ca(OH)2
Sr(OH)2
Ba(OH)2

Acids & Bases

One ionizable proton:
HCl H+ + Cl Two ionizable protons:
Combined:
H2SO4 H+ + HSO4+ + SO 2H
SO

2H
2
4
4
+
2HSO4 H + SO4
Three ionizable protons:
H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4
Combined:
H2PO4- H+ + HPO42H3PO4 3H+ + PO43HPO42- H+ + PO4-3

Acids & Bases

For the following identify the acid and the base as strong or weak .

a. Al(OH)3 + HCl
Weak base

Strong acid

b. Ba(OH)2 +
Strong base

HC2H3O2
Weak acid

c. KOH + H2SO4
Strong base Strong acid

d. NH3 + H2O
Weak base Weak acid

Acids & Bases

For the following predict the product. To check your answer left click
on the mouse. Draw a mechanism detailing the proton movement.

a. Al(OH)3 + 3 HCl AlCl3 + 3 H2O

b. Ba(OH)2 + 2 HC2H3O2 Ba(C2H3O2)2 + 2 H2O
c. 2KOH + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2 H2O
d. NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

Acids & Bases

For the following Identify the conjugate acid and the conjugate base.
The conjugate refers to the acid or base produced in an acid/base
reaction. The acid reactant produces its conjugate base (CB).

a. Al(OH)3 + 3 HCl AlCl3 + 3 H2O

CB

CA

b. Ba(OH)2 + 2 HC2H3O2 Ba(C2H3O2)2 + 2 H2O

CB

c. 2 KOH + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2 H2O

CB

d. NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OHCA

CB

CA

CA

TITRATION
Titration of a strong acid with a strong base

ENDPOINT = POINT OF NEUTRALIZATION =

EQUIVALENCE POINT
At the end point for the titration of a strong acid with a strong
base, the moles of acid (H+) equals the moles of base (OH-) to
produce the neutral species water (H2O). If the mole ratio in
the balanced chemical equation is 1:1 then the following
equation can be used.
MOLES OF ACID = MOLES OF BASE

nacid = nbase
Since M=n/V

MAVA = MBVB

TITRATION
MAVA = MBVB
1. Suppose 75.00 mL of hydrochloric acid was required to
neutralize 22.50 mLof 0.52 M NaOH. What is the molarity of
the acid?
HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl
Ma Va = Mb Vb rearranges to Ma = Mb Vb / Va
so Ma = (0.52 M) (22.50 mL) / (75.00 mL)
= 0.16 M

Now you try:

2. If 37.12 mL of 0.843 M HNO3 neutralized 40.50 mL of KOH,
what is the molarity of the base?
Mb = 0.773 mol/L

Molarity and Titration

TITRATION
Titration of a strong acid with a strong base

ENDPOINT = POINT OF NEUTRALIZATION =

EQUIVALENCE POINT
At the end point for the titration of a strong acid with a strong
base, the moles of acid (H+) equals the moles of base (OH-)
to produce the neutral species water (H2O). If the mole
ratio in the balanced chemical equation is NOT 1:1 then
you must rely on the mole relationship and handle the
problem like any other stoichiometry problem.
MOLES OF ACID = MOLES OF BASE

nacid = nbase

TITRATION
1. If 37.12 mL of 0.543 M LiOH neutralized 40.50 mL
of H2SO4, what is the molarity of the acid?
2 LiOH + H2SO4 Li2SO4 + 2 H2O
First calculate the moles of base:
0.03712 L LiOH (0.543 mol/1 L) = 0.0202 mol LiOH
Next calculate the moles of acid:
0.0202 mol LiOH (1 mol H2SO4 / 2 mol LiOH)= 0.0101 mol
H2SO4
Last calculate the Molarity:
Ma = n/V = 0.010 mol H2SO4 / 0.4050 L = 0.248 M

2. If 20.42 mL of Ba(OH)2 solution was used to

titrate29.26 mL of 0.430 M HCl, what is the molarity
of the barium hydroxide solution?
Mb = 0.308 mol/L

Molarity and Titration

A student finds that 23.54 mL of a 0.122 M
NaOH solution is required to titrate a 30.00-mL
sample of hydr acid solution. What is the
molarity of the acid?
A student finds that 37.80 mL of a 0.4052 M
NaHCO3 solution is required to titrate a 20.00mL sample of sulfuric acid solution. What is the
molarity of the acid?
The reaction equation is:
H2SO4 + 2 NaHCO3 Na2SO4 + 2 H2O + 2 CO2

Water Equilibrium

Water Equilibrium
Kw = [H+] [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14
Equilibrium constant for water
Water or water solutions in which [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7 M
are neutral solutions.
A solution in which [H+] > [OH-] is acidic

A solution in which [H+] < [OH-] is basic

pH
A measure of the hydronium ion
The scale for measuring the hydronium ion concentration
[H3O+] in any solution must be able to cover a large range. A
logarithmic scale covers factors of 10. The p in pH stands for
log.

A solution with a pH of 1 has [H3O+] of 0.1 mol/L or 10-1

A solution with a pH of 3 has [H3O+] of 0.001 mol/L or 10-3
A solution with a pH of 7 has [H3O+] of 0.0000001 mol/L or 10-7

pH = - log [H3O+]

The pH scale
The pH scale ranges from 1 to 10-14 mol/L or from 1
to 14.

pH = - log [H3O+]

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
acid
neutral
base

Manipulating pH
Algebraic manipulation of:

pH = - log [H3O+]
allows for:

[H3O+] = 10-pH
If pH is a measure of the hydronium ion
concentration then the same equations could be
used to describe the hydroxide (base)
concentration.

[OH-] = 10-pOH

pOH = - log [OH-]

thus:

pH + pOH = 14 ; the entire pH range!

PRACTICE PROBLEM #25

1. How many milliliters of 1.25 M LiOH must be added to neutralize
34.7 mL of 0.389 M HNO3?

10.8 mL

2. What mass of Sr(OH)2 will be required to neutralize 19.54 mL of

0.00850 M HBr solution?

0.0101 g

3. How many mL of 0.998 M H2SO4 must be added to neutralize 47.9

mL of 1.233 M KOH?

29.6 mL

4. What is the molar concentration of hydronium ion in a solution of

pH 8.25?
-9

5.623 x 10 M

5. What is the pH of a solution that has a molar concentration of

hydronium ion of 9.15 x 10-5?

pH = 4.0

6. What is the pOH of a solution that has a molar concentration of

hydronium ion of 8.55 x 10-10? pOH = 4.9

GROUP STUDY PROBLEM #25

______1. How many milliliters of 0.75 M KOH must be added to neutralize
50.0 mL of 2.50 M HCl?
______2. What mass of Ca(OH)2 will be required to neutralize 100 mL of
0.170 M HCl solution?
______3. How many mL of 0.554 M H2SO4 must be added to neutralize
25.0 mL of 0.9855 M NaOH?
______ 4. What is the molar concentration of hydronium ion in a solution
of pH 2.45?
______ 5. What is the pH of a solution that has a molar concentration of
hydronium ion of 3.75 x 10-9?
______ 6. What is the pOH of a solution that has a molar concentration of
hydronium ion of 4.99 x 10-4?