Chapter 2

Chapter 2
Introduction to C Programming
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Powerpoint slides to be used with C Programming for Beginners by HC Ling, SN Cheong, YK Teh,
LC Kwek, Emerson, Vishnu Monn B and Badrolhisham (Pearson Education, 2010)
Objectives
Learn the history of C and its evolvement.
Learn the basics of C programming.
Learn to use C programming tools.
Learning Outcomes
Students will have basic knowledge about the history of
C and its evolvement.
Able to identify basic syntax in a simple C program.
Able to use C programming tools to write, compile and
test a simple C program.
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2.1 History of C
C was invented for the purpose of writing the
Unix system
The birth of C and Unix took place in the early
1970s.
Did you know Linux was originally written in
C++, was then rewritten in C to increase its
execution efficiency?
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The Fathers of C
Two researchers at Bell Telephone Laboratories. Ken
Thompson invented B, a precursor to Dennis Ritchies
C.
*Image from http://www.futuretech.vuurwerk.nl/

The chronicles of C
Late 1960s - Martin Richards designed BCPL.
1970 - Based on BCPL, Ken Thompson designed B (A stripped
down version of BCPL).
1972 - Based on B, C was designed by Dennis Ritchie. He then
published the first book on C with Brian Kernighan. First edition of C
was known as K&R C, after the authors of this book.
1972 to 80s - C gained wide popularity. Many versions of C
surfaced.
1989 - American National Standards Institute (ANSI) established the
X3J11 commitee to standardize C. Standard is defined, known as
ANSI-C, Standard C or C89.
1990 ANSI-C was adopted as an international standard: ISO
9899:1990, a.k.a. C90 (C89 = C90).
1999 - C standard was revised to become ISO 9899:1999, a.k.a.
C99.
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The first C book

Brian Kernighan and
Dennis Ritchie published
the first book on C in 1978.
This book became the de
facto standard for C.
Best seller, sold more than
500k copies.
*Image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_C_Programming_Language_(book)

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2.2 Skeleton of a C Program
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2.3 Tools to Write & Run C Program

a text editor such as notepad to write the
C source code.
a C compiler to transform the code into an
executable C program.
In this section, we are going to introduce
Knoppix and its GNU C/C++ compiler to
compile C source code into a C program.
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Tools to write & run C program: Knoppix

Linux operating system that is based on Debian
and can be booted and run directly from a CD or
DVD.
Has a collection of GNU/Linux software,
automatic hardware detection, and support for
many graphics cards, sound cards, SCSI and
USB devices and other peripherals.
Can be downloaded from http://www.knoppix.org
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To run Knoppix,
1. Adjust the boot list in the BIOS Setup of your
computer to boot from CD/DVD.
2. Insert Knoppix CD/DVD into the computer,
and reboot.
3. At the boot: prompt, type knoppix lang=en
to start Knoppix in English.
4. You will be brought to a standard desktop.
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Standard desktop of Knoppix version 4.0

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To write and run C program,

1. Open a text editor called KWrite to write
your C code. KWrite is found in the menu
Editors->KWrite.
2. Save your C code as filename.c (extension
is .c) in the home directory (click on the
Home icon). You can save it in other
directory, but home directory is the default
directory when you open the Shell prompt to
compile your C code.
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3. To compile your C code (filename.c), click on the
icon with the highlight name Konsole. This will
open a shell. You can check whether filename.c is
in the correct directory by typing ls, which lists all
directories and files in the current directory (default
is home directory).
Location of Konsole (shell)
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4. In the shell prompt, type
gcc g filename.c o executable_name
Enable debugging information
Place output in executable_name
When gcc command is invoked, it normally does

preprocessing, compilation, assembly and linking of
filename.c into an executable file (executable_name)
with extension .exe.
5. If there is no error message after compiling using
gcc command, run the program by typing
./executable_name
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6.
If there is error(s) in
C code, there will be
error message(s)
when you compile
your C code. Correct
the error(s) as
indicated in the
message(s) before
compiling the C
code again.
Error messages when compiling hello.c
Hello World source code that has errors 15


The first error message is
Your program filename
Column number
Description of the error
hello.c:1:17: stdio: No such file or directory.

Line number
In this case, the error starts from column 17 of line 1.

The C compiler cannot find the file stdio. The correct
file should be stdio.h.
To view line number in KWrite, go to View->Show Line
Numbers or press F11.
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Exercise: Correct
the rest of the
errors indicated.
Error messages when compiling hello.c
Hello World source code that has errors

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Tools to write & run C program

Most contemporary versions of C tools include a text
editor in the development environment a.k.a integrated
development environment (IDE).
List of IDEs for C
IDE
jGRASP
Platform
Windows/Linux/ Unix
Website
http://www.eng.auburn.edu/department/cse/
research/grasp/
Bloodshed Dev-C++
Windows
http://www.bloodshed.net/devcpp.html
Turbo C++
Windows
http://www.turboexplorer.com/cpp
Microsoft Visual C++

2008 Express Edition
Windows
http://www.microsoft.com/express/vc/
Code::Blocks
Anjuta DevStudio
Windows/Linux/ Mac
GNU/Linux
http://www.codeblocks.org/
http://www.anjuta.org/
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2.4 Example with C Code

#include <stdio.h>
int main( ){
/* Declare three variables (x, y and sum) to hold integer data (int)
int x, y, sum;
//Display message "Please enter 2 integers: " on monitor
printf ("Please enter 2 integers: ");
//Store integers into variables x and y respectively
scanf("%d %d", &x, &y);
//make variable sum to hold value of x + y
sum = x+y;
//Display value of x + y that is stored in variable sum
printf ("Sum of x and y value is %d", sum);
//End your program here
return 0;
}
Sample output (Bold indicates users input)
Please enter 2 integers: 2 3
Sum of x and y value is 5
*/
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2.5 Summary
1.
Every C program consists of the following skeleton:

#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
//body of main( )
return 0;
}
2.
Tools used when writing and running a C program are:
a text editor to write C code, and

a C compiler to transform the C code into executable program.
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Summary
3.
To let C compiler bypass any comments, one can use

either // for single line of comment or /* comments */
for comments that require more than one line.
4.
printf and scanf are functions in stdio.h to display

message within the double quotes on the monitor and
to store data entered by the user respectively.
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*Image from http://www.futuretech.vuurwerk.nl/

The first C book

*Image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_C_Programming_Language_(book)

2.2 Skeleton of a C Program

2.3 Tools to Write & Run C Program

Tools to write & run C program: Knoppix

Tools to write & run C program: Knoppix

Tools to write & run C program: Knoppix

Standard desktop of Knoppix version 4.0

Tools to write & run C program: Knoppix

To write and run C program,

Tools to write & run C program: Knoppix

Location of Konsole (shell)

Tools to write & run C program: Knoppix

Place output in executable_name

When gcc command is invoked, it normally does

Tools to write & run C program: Knoppix

Error messages when compiling hello.c

Hello World source code that has errors 15

Tools to write & run C program: Knoppix

Description of the error

hello.c:1:17: stdio: No such file or directory.

In this case, the error starts from column 17 of line 1.

Tools to write & run C program: Knoppix

Error messages when compiling hello.c

Hello World source code that has errors

Tools to write & run C program

Microsoft Visual C++

2.4 Example with C Code

Every C program consists of the following skeleton:

Tools used when writing and running a C program are:

a text editor to write C code, and

To let C compiler bypass any comments, one can use

printf and scanf are functions in stdio.h to display

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