Mini Project-Study on water pollution

Have ready a preliminary report ( dah buat sebelum KI)

Form groups of 5-6 pick only those that already prepared a
preliminary report.
Those who did not prepare anythingwork individually.
Work on the mini project based on the guide given in the AP
Visit certain areas in Penang to see water pollution: a)Bayan
Lepas Industrial area rivers, drains and sea front; b) Sungai
Pinang in Georgetown. Rent a car, drive own car, motorbike,
bus or take taxi. Anytime you are free.
During the visits, discuss what you see, dont like seeing, odor
and smell. Talk to people you meet, get their opinion. Find
out the potential sources of water pollution.

Continue..
Breakdown in report.your own but must
have introduction and conclusion with list of
references. Extra information in appendix.
To be written in English 6-7 pages long. 1.5
NTR. Photos (3-4 on single page). Include
photos that you capture else where.
Submit last day of KI
Grade each others performance on a scale of
0-5 a)preparedness, b)cooperativeness,
c)contribution, d)idea generating e) interest

Chapter 18:

Air pollution

Key Questions and Concepts

18-4 What are the major indoor air

pollution problems?
18-1 What is the nature of the atmosphere?
CONCEPT 18-1 The two innermost layers of the
atmosphere are the troposphere, which
supports life, and the stratosphere, which
contains the protective ozone layer.
18-2 What are the major outdoor air pollution
problems?
CONCEPT 18-2 Pollutants mix in the air to form
industrial smog, primarily as a result of burning
coal, and photochemical smog, caused by
emissions from motor vehicles, industrial
facilities, and power plants.
18-3 What is acid deposition and why is it a
problem?
CONCEPT 18-3 Acid deposition is caused
mainly by coal-burning power plants and
motor vehicle emissions, and in some regions it
threatens human health, aquatic life and
ecosystems, forests, and human-built
structures.

CONCEPT 18-4 The most threatening indoor

air pollutants are smoke and soot from the
burning of wood and coal in cooking fires
(mostly in less-developed countries),
cigarette smoke, and chemicals used in
building materials and cleaning products.
18-5 What are the health effects of air
pollution?
CONCEPT 18-5 Air pollution can contribute
to asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema,
lung cancer, heart attack, and stroke.
18-6 How should we deal with air pollution?

CONCEPT 18-6 Legal, economic, and

technological tools can help us to clean up
air pollution, but the best solution is to
prevent it.

3
DIRTIED AIR REDUCE AIR QUALITY

2
SUBSTANCES THROWN/EMITTED INTO THE AIR

1
HUMAN OR NATURAL ACTIVITIES .

WHAT ARE THE MAJOR OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS

3
POLLUTANTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE

2
1

POLLUTANTS AFFECT HEAT AND LIGHT ABSORBANCE OR

REFLECTION

WARMING UP OF THE EARTH

Air pollution -chemicals, particulates, biological materials, or other harmful

materials into the Earth's atmosphere,
- causing disease, death to humans, damage to other living organisms such as food
crops, or the natural or built environment.

AIR POLLUTION BEGAN A LONG TIME AGO WHEN MAN FIRST DISCOVERED FIRE

DISCOVERY
OF FIRE

METAL
DISCOVERY
METAL
WORKS

URBANIZATION
INDUSTRIALIZATION
AGRICULTURE
21ST CENTURY

POWER DEMAND:
ELECTRICITY/NUCLEAR
ETC
20TH CENTURY

5
NEW
CHEMICALS
e.g.
GUNPOWDER

6
INDUSTRIALIZATION
18TH CENTURY

Figure 1.0 1942. Burning coal : Smokestacks from a wartime

production plant, World War II.

Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (i.e., emissions produced

by human activities) come from combustion of carbon-based fuels,
principally wood, coal, oil, and natural gas.

An industrial area, with a power plant, on the Old Grand Canal of China
south of Yangzhou's downtown. - 7 February 2012

HUMAN ACTIVITIES : The term anthropogenic designates an effect or

object resulting from human activity.

AGRICULTURE
- OPENING
NEW LANDSBIOMASS
BURNING

INDUSTRY

OTHERS e.g.
LANDFILL,
INCINERATION,
PETROL
STATIONS

NUCLEAR
REACTOR

3
QUARRY

AUTOMOBILE

minutes after blasting

Figure 2.0 Before flue-gas desulfurization was installed,

the emissions from this power plant in New Mexico
contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide - 2007

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Figure 3.0 The air in many of Chinas cities is

among the dirtiest in the world -SMOG
Figure 3.0 Smog in Taiwan

Air pollution can trigger

heart arrhythmias

All the grey stuff is air pollution,

The earth is choking

TYPES OF POLLUTANTS primary pollutants chemicals / substances

directly emitted to the air in high concentrations to cause harm
1.Carbon dioxide from exhausts and energy production
2. Methane from cattle breeding

3. Sulfur oxides (SO2) from exhausts and industry

4. CFCs from refrigerants and propellants

5.Nitrogen oxides (NOx, N2O) from exhausts and industry

6. Ozone from air with high oxygen level, catalysed by nitrogen
oxides

7.Soot and particulate from exhausts and industry

8. Carbon monoxide from exhaust

FIGURE 5.0 SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION

CONSEQUENCE OF AIR POLLUTION..see Figure 4.0

below

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Greenhouse effect by keeping sun warmth and light from

reflecting back into space
Particulate contamination affecting respiratory systems
Raised UV radiation levels by destruction of the ozone
layer
Acid rain leads to acidification and forest dieback
Increased ozone levels affecting respiratory systems
Contamination by nitrogen oxides affecting respiratory
systems

3. Raised UV radiation levels by

destruction of the ozone layer

4. Acid rain leads to acidification

and forest dieback

5. Increased ozone
levels affecting respiratory
systems

6. Contamination by nitrogen
oxides affecting respiratory
systems

1. Greenhouse effect by keeping

sun warmth and light from
reflecting back into space

FIGURE 4.0 CONSEQUENCES

OF AIR POLLUTION

Where does pollution come from?

There are four main types of air pollution sources:
mobile sources such as cars, buses, planes, trucks,
and trains
stationary sources such as power plants, oil
refineries, industrial facilities, and factories
area sources such as agricultural areas, cities, and
wood burning fireplaces
natural sources such as wind-blown dust, wildfires,
and volcanoes

Where does pollution come

from?
CONTINUE

Mobile sources account for more than half of all the air pollution
in the United States and the primary mobile source of air
pollution is the automobile, according to the Environmental
Protection Agency.
Stationary sources, like power plants, emit large amounts of
pollution from a single location, these are also known as point
sources of pollution.
Area sources are made up of lots of smaller pollution sources
that aren't a big deal by themselves but when considered as a
group can be.
Natural sources can sometimes be significant but do not usually
create ongoing air pollution problems like the other source
types can.

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Vehicular
fumes

Diesel locomotive

FIGURE 7.0 CONSEQUENCE OF AIR POLLUTION TO

HEALTH

Movement of Pollutants through the air

ACID RAIN:Movement of Pollutants through the air, water bodies

and soil

GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

In order, the most abundant greenhouse gases in Earth's
atmosphere are

Water vapor (H2O)

Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Ozone (O3)
Chlorofluoro carbons -CFCs

GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

2. About 30% of the incoming solar energy is reflected by
the surface and the atmosphere
1. About
half the
solar energy
absorbed at
the surface
evaporates
water,
adding the
most
important
greenhouse
gas to the
atmosphere.
When the
water
condenses,
creates
storms,
rains and
snow

4. The surface cools by radiating heat

energy upward. The warmer the surface,
the greater the amount of heat energy that
is radiated upwards.

3. Only a small
amount of heat
energy emitted
from the surface
passes thru the
atmosphere.
Increasing the
concentration of
GHG increases
the warming of the
surface and slows
loss of energy to
space.

Global warming leads to

The earth is sweating

PARTICULATE MATTER as pollutants

Particle pollution (also called particulate matter or PM) -- a mixture of
solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air.
Some particles, such as dust, dirt, soot, or smoke, are large or dark
enough to be seen with the naked eye. Others are so small they can
only be detected using an electron microscope.
How Big is Particle Pollution?
Particle pollution includes
"inhalable coarse particles," : diameters > 2.5 but < 10 and
"fine particles," : diameters 2.5 . How small is 2.5 micrometers?

These particles come in many sizes and shapes and can

be made up of hundreds of different chemicals.
Some particles, known as primary particles are
emitted directly from a source, such as construction
sites, unpaved roads, fields, smokestacks or fires.
Reactions in the atmosphere of chemicals such as
sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides that are emitted
from power plants, industries and automobiles.
These particles, known as secondary particles, make
up most of the fine particle pollution in the country.

Global Fine-Particulate Matter Mapped

Particulate matter rough surface

Regular exposure to diesel exhaust results in the

following health problems:

Asthma attacks
Chronic bronchitis
Decreased lung development
Lung cancer
Heart attacks

Diesel Exhaust is Primarily Composed of

Particulate Matter (PM)
Particulate matter is leftover, unburned carbon from the engine.
When inhaled, it permanently lodges deep within the lungs. PM is
dangerous, because it has a very rough surface, which bonds easily
with other toxins, such as metals and lube oil from the engine. When
this happens, PM becomes a vehicle, carrying those toxins into the
body.

 Visibility: Fine particles (PM2.5) are the main

cause of reduced visibility (haze)
Haze is caused when sunlight encounters tiny
pollution particles in the air, which reduce the
clarity and color of what we see, and
particularly during humid conditions.

Air pollution control system

Air pollution control system

An electrostatic precipitator (ESP), or electrostatic air cleaner is a particulate
collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air) using the
force of an induced electrostatic charge.
Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices that minimally
impede the flow of gases through the device, and can easily remove fine
particulate matter such as dust and smoke from the air stream.

Electrodes inside electrostatic precipitator

Collection electrode of
electrostatic precipitator in
waste incineration plant

Conceptual
diagram of an
electrostatic
precipitator

A settling chamber consists of a large box

installed in the ductwork. The increase of
cross section area at the chamber reduces
the speed of the dust-filled airstream and
heavier particles settle out.
Baffle chambers use a fixed baffle plate
that causes the conveying gas stream to
make a sudden change of direction. Largediameter particles do not follow the gas
stream but continue into a dead air space
and settle. Baffle chambers are used as
precleaners

Centrifugal collectors use cyclonic action to separate

dust particles from the gas stream. In a typical
separator, the dust gas stream enters at an angle
and is spun rapidly. The centrifugal force created by
the circular flow throws the dust particles toward the
wall of the cyclone. After striking the wall, these
particles fall into a hopper located underneath.

Vapour capturing nozzle ( control

VOCs -volatile organic compounds)
Dust collector in
Pristina, Kosovo

Scrubber capture dust and gases from polluted air from industry before
release through the chimney

Wet scrubbers remove dust particles by capturing them in liquid

droplets. The droplets are then collected, the liquid dissolving or
absorbing the pollutant gases.
Wet scrubbers that remove gaseous pollutants are referred to as
absorbers. Good gas-to-liquid contact is essential to obtain high
removal efficiencies in absorbers. A number of wet scrubber designs
are used to remove gaseous pollutants, with the packed tower and the
plate tower being the most common.

If the gas stream contains both particle matter and gases, wet
scrubbers are generally the only single air pollution control device that
can remove both pollutants. Wet scrubbers can achieve high removal
efficiencies for either particles or gases and, in some instances, can
achieve a high removal efficiency for both pollutants in the same
system.

WET SCRUBBER

MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS

UN Says Air Pollution Kills More People

Than AIDS and Malaria Combined ...

CARBON OXIDES: Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide ( page 460)

Nitrogen oxides and nitric acids (page 460)

Sulphur dioxide and Sulphuric acids (page 460)

Particulates (Page 460)

Ozones. (Page 461)

Volatile organic matter VOCs (Page 461)