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Chapter 3
Chapter 4
To a physics student:
A force is that which causes the velocity of an
object to change
Chapter 4
Force
It is a vector quantity (with both magnitude and
direction)
The combined effect of all forces on an object
determines its acceleration.
To combine forces means to add vectors, i.e.
Superposition of Forces
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Chapter 4
Principle of Superposition
F2
F2x
F F F
y
F1y
F1
F2y
F1x
F
F
F1x F2 x
F1 y F2 y
F F F
2
Chapter 4
SI Unit of Force
Newton (N)
1 N is the required force to accelerate a 1kg object by 1
m/s2, i.e.
m
1N 1kg 1
3.5 x 1022N
1.9 x 106N
1N
8.2 x 10-8N
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Chapter 4
Thought Experiment
If an object sitting on a level surface is given a swift
kick, how will you describe its motion?
The Big Misconception:
The object will start to move but will eventually slow
down or stop because there is no more force to sustain
its motion.
Newtonian Mechanics Explain:
The slowing down of an object is caused by other forces
(i.e. frictional force exerted by the surface on the moving
object).
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Chapter 4
F 0 ma
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Law of Inertia
lift
drag
thrust
weight
F= ma = m0 = 0
drag
thrust
weight
Chapter 4
F
a
m
F ma
20
F
a
m
Chapter 4
F ma
22
F = ma
Fy = may
Fz = maz
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Chapter 4
Example #1
What acceleration will result when a 12-N net force
applied to a 3-kg object? A 6-kg object?
a = 4 m/s2 ; 2 m/s2
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Example #2
Three forces act on a particle that moves with
unchanging velocity v = (2 m/s)i (7 m/s) j. Two
of the forces are FA = (2N) i + (3 N) j and FB = (5N) i + (8 N) j. What is the third force?
FC = (3 N) i + (-11 N) j
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Chapter 4
SI Unit
kilogram
Gravitational Mass : based on the gravitational interaction of
the earth to an object
1 kg is the mass of a platinum-iridium alloy kept in a vault in
Paris
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Chapter 4
W mg
29
Chapter 4
FAB FBA
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Chapter 4
Types of Forces
Contact Forces
Normal force
Tension
Frictional force
Air resistance
Spring force
Applied force
Long-range/Non-contact
Weight
Electrical/Coulomb Force
Magnetic Force
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Interaction of Forces
NORMAL
FORCE
APPLIED FORCE
FRICTION
WEIGHT
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Frictional force
When an object exerts a force to a surface of
another object, that object deforms and
pushes back on the first object with opposing
force that is parallel to the surfaces in contact.
Static friction
Kinetic friction
34
Chapter 4
35
Chapter 4
Free-body Diagram
1.
2.
3.
36
37
Chapter 4
Example
38
Chapter 4
Example
39
Chapter 4
Example
Two blocks are connected by a heavy rope with a mass
of 4.00 kg. The upper box has a mass of 6.00 kg and the
lower box of mass 5.00 kg. An upward force of 200 N is
applied.
(a) Draw a free-body/force diagram for the upper box,
rope, and the lower box.
(b) What is the acceleration of the system?
(c) What is the acceleration of the boxes and rope?
(d) What is the tension at the top of the heavy rope?
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