Slides OB I

PGP I Sections E & F

From Introduction to Perception

Organisation, Organisational Behaviour,

Business, Management
What Constitute Organisation?
Structured Social System
People working together
Objectives

What is OB?
Study of Behaviours at various levels in
Organisations

What is Business?
What is Management?

OB at Various Levels
Individual (Intra-personal)
Between two persons (Interpersonal)
Among few people (Small Group, Intra-departmental)

Among many persons (Large Group, Interdepartmental)

Among all persons in organization (Organizational)

Between and among organizations (Trans-organizational)

Why to study OB?

Gut feeling or intuition are ok but they are to be
replaced by scientific enquiries
In studying human behaviour we make an attempt to
establish cause and effect relationship, yet it is
difficult to capture subjective in objective frame:hence no mathematical modeling, formula, boxology
is enough. This is the beauty of subject.

What we know about OB?

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Traits are necessarily good predictors of future job performance

Only positive side of job previews helps during interviews
Training promises to convert otherwise employees to pleasant employees
High IQ is basically inherited
People high on emotional stability retain their jobs
Satisfaction leads to productivity
Say do your best, and it will be done
Participation is sure mean for improving performance
Experience contributes to leadership effectiveness
For performance what matters is leadership
Men and women communicate similarly
Team necessary creates synergy
Participative management creates classless society within organizations
An excellent performer is necessarily a good team material

Contributing Disciplines to OB

Psychology
Social Psychology
Sociology
Anthropology
Political Science
Economics
Mathematics
Statistics
Management Science / Industrial Engineering

Values, Attitudes and Behaviour

Values: Basic convictions that a specific mode of

conduct or end-state of existence is personally or
socially preferable to an opposite or converse
mode of conduct or end-state of existence

Attitudes: Evaluative statements or judgements

concerning objects, people, or events
Behaviour: Exhibited mode of of conduct

Relationship among Values, Attitude and Behaviour

Values lead to Attitudes: correlation is positive and high
Attitudes lead to Behaviour:
Correlation is positive but poor (some studies say + 0.14
However correlation may vary person to person
Behaviour leads to Attitudes: Self-perception Theory
because we are guided by convenience
because we do not prefer to be guided by attitudes, but we want to justify the
way we have behaved
because attitudes are vague
Because we use attitude as just casual statements
Are we rational? Or.?

Perception

Meaning: A process by which we interpret and organize sensory

information to produce our conscious experience of objects and
object relationships.

Nature-Nurture Controversy

Factors influencing perception

Perceiver
manomayamato vishwam yannaam paridrishyate
(Mahopanishad: 4/50)
The visible world appears as perceived by mind.

trayam shikschet damam daanam dayaamiti

(Brihadaaranyak Upanishad: 5/2/3)

One should practice this same triad: Dama (self-restraint), Daana

(giving), Dayaa (compassion); [Once threefold offspring of Brahmaa, gods, men, and
devils requested him to offer some lessons to them. Brahmaa said a common letter to
them i.e. da. Gods perceived it as Dama, men as Daana, and devils as Dayaa.]

Target
Situation

Varieties of shortcuts in judging others:

Selective perception (choosing as we prefer)
kimapyasti swabhaaven sundaram vaapyasundaram
yadev rochate yasmai bhavettattasya sundaram (Hitopadesha:
2/53)

Any object, by its nature, is neither beautiful nor ugly. Whatever one likes,
appears as beautiful to him.

Halo effect (based on one observation)

Contrast effects (with whom we encountered recently)
Projections (similarity error)
Stereotyping

Attribution Theory

Two Factors
Internal Causation
External Causation
Fundamental Attribution Error

Self-serving Bias