Empirical or case approach

Studies experience through cases . Identifies success

and failure.
Situations are all different .no attempts to identify
principles .limited values for developing management
theory.
To find out the problem and to identify the steps to
solve the problems and to give an appropriate solution
to the problem.
Case
approaches
Case
situation
success
Why ?
failure
Managerial approach
Original study consists of observations of chief
executives on the basis of the study
Managerial roles were identified and grouped into
-- interpersonal
---informational
---decision roles.
Activities are evidence of planning , staffing, leading
,and controlling.
Some important managerial activities are the
requirement of the managerial skills.

Informational
role
Decision roles
Interpersonal
role
Contingency or situational
approach
Managerial practice dependence on the circumstances
.contingency or situation recognizes the influence of
given solutions on organizational behavior patterns
Managers have long realized that there is no one best
way for doing things.
Difficulty in determining all relevant contingency
factors and showing their relationship can be very
complex.
It highlights how to face the unexpected circumstances
and how to take a decision .
It highlights the cause and effect relationship.
contingency
effect cause
situation
Management science approach or
mathematical approach
Management is seen as mathematical processes.
Concepts, symbols , and models.
It expresses management as in mathematical symbols
and relationship
Preoccupation with mathematical models.
It deals the techniques .

A
B
D
Decision theory approach
It focus on making decisions . Persons or groups
making decisions and the decision making process.
Some theorists use decision making process as to study
all enterprises activities.
There is more to managing than making decisions
Decision
theory
Individual
decision
making
Group
decision
making
Information
of decision
Entire area
of business
activities
Value
decision
making
Process
of
decision
making
Nature
of
organi
sation
organiza
tional
decision
making
Reengineering approach
Fundamental rethinking process analysis radical
redesigning dramatic results.
Neglect of external environment ,possibly ignoring
customers needs
Neglect of human needs ignores total. management
systems as in the management process
It highlights on the transformation of the raw
materials into a finished product by using different
techniques indulged in producing a product

inputs transformation
output
OPERATIONS
Systems approach
Systems approach have broad applicability. Systems
have boundaries .but they also interact with the
external environment .
Organizations are open systems.
Recognizes importance of studying interrelatedness of
planning, organizing ,and controlling in an
organization .
It highlights on the organizational systems to be
followed in the company depending on the companies
objectives and the expansion of the business.

CEO
Director
HR
Director
finance
Director
marketing
Group behavioral approach
Emphasis on behavior people in groups .based on
sociology and social psychology.
The study of large groups is often called as
organization behavior
It often integrates with management concepts
,principals, theory and techniques.
Need for closer integration with organization structure
design. Staffing, planning and controlling.
Study of a group and group interactions.

A
B
C
D
Interpersonal behavior approach
On interpersonal behavior ,human relation ,leadership
, and motivation , based on individual psychology .
Ignores planning, organizing, and controlling .
Psychological training is not enough to become an
effective manager
focus
on
study
A
B
Total quality management
approach
Dependable satisfying products and services
Conformance to quality requirements
Products and services that is fit for use
Continuous improvement attention to detailed
teamwork
Quality education
Focus on consumer needs, quality products , and
services concern for quality and cost

A
B
C
Team work
Management approach
operational approach
Draws together the concepts ,principles ,techniques,
and knowledge form the other field and management
approaches .
The attempt is to develop science and theory with
practical application .
Distinguishes between managerial and non
managerial knowledge.
Develops classification systems built around the
managerial functions of planning, organizing ,staffing
, leading and controlling.
Draw knowledge from approaches above







Integrates the approaches with science and theory in
practical
Operational
approach