De Mystifying Accessibility

Manesh Samuel John
Dr Saim Ali Soomro.

MBBS, MCCM
All You Wanted to Know About Accessibility

Accessibility is for Blind People
Accessibility is for the Disabled
RIGHT
Accessibility is for EVERYONE!
As per the dictionary, Accessibility means:
Convenience
Easy of access
User-friendliness
Easy of understanding
Easy of use

Persons with disabilities are the most hit with
accessibility issues!

So whats Accessibility?
Its about time we do some reality check on the term
disabled!

Disabled = Everyone!
HEARING
Deaf: cant hear
Hard-of-hearing or hearing impaired:
can hear only with amplification or can
hear in one ear only
VISION
Blind: cant see
Visually-impaired: cant read small type or
distinguish certain colors
Color-blind: cant distinguish certain
colors
MOBILITY
Physical disability: unable to move one or
more limbs, fingers, or toes
Motor skills impairment:
unable to press one key at a time, unable
to press a key without duplicate
keystrokes, unable to use a mouse
LEARNING
Dyslexia: difficulty with reading
People using a wheel chair
Those using a white cane
Those wearing hearing aids
Those using crutches

Lets look at some real life examples
Forgetting glasses at home - finding it complicated to work on the computer
With age, each one of us acquires some sort of disabilities including;
memory loss,
hard-of-hearing,
deteriorating vision ,
adversity in climbing stairs, etc

These are the first instances that come to our mind! But what about..

In our every day life we all face impairments, activity limitations, and
participations!

Disability is a socially created problem and not an
attribute of an individual

So the point is ...

1 out of every 5 people in the United States has a
learning disability
Did You Know
Normal Protanopia
Deuteranopia Tritanopia
Worldwide - 314 million visually impaired, 45 million of them are blind.

Old people, and females are more at risk at every age

87% of the visually impaired live in developing countries

Reduction in infectious diseases causing blindness, but age-related
impairment is increasing

Cataract remains the leading cause of blindness globally, except in the
most developed countries.

About 85% of all visual impairment is avoidable globally

1 in 12 people suffer from some sort of color deficiency
Did You Know

One in five have a hearing difficulty or impairment.

Did You Know
Source: MS Forrester Report 2004
Do not use computers
Unable to use computers
Do not need a computer

Senior Citizens Silver Surfers
Changing rapidly!


Who is your target audience?

Is your audience male or female, old or young?

Are your Users Color Blind?
Does user suffer from epilepsy?
Your users may suffer from epilepsy - 3 flashes
within one second can cause a seizure

About 1 in every 200 people have Epilepsy
Why care about accessibility?

750 million people
in the world are disabled

How do people use the web?
Mouse and Keyboard

Mobile Phone
Assistive Technology
What is Assistive Technology (AT)?
AT refers to any "product, device, or equipment,
whether acquired commercially, modified or
customized, that is used to maintain, increase, or
improve the functional capabilities of individuals
with disabilities."
Source: http://www.section508.gov/docs/AT1998.html
Nail Clipper with Magnifier
Assist people with:
Limited hand movements
Low vision

Also works for cutting nails of new
born.

Moldable Spoon Liquid Indicator
Assist people with:
Limited hand moment
Hand tremors
Assist people with:
Blindness
Low vision

Long Handle Comb Writing Bird
Assist people with:
Limited hand movement

Loop Handle Zipper
Assist people with:
Difficulty in grasping and pulling
Legislations and Regulations
Country Legislation WCAG Compliance
USA Rehabilitation Act, Section 504 (USA, 1973)
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) (USA, 1990) Title II & Title III
Amended Section 255 of the Communications Act (USA, 1996)
Rehabilitation Act Amendment, Section 508 (USA, 1998)
Section 508 Partial

United
Kingdom

Disability Discrimination Act of 1995 (UK, 1995)
Disability Rights Commission (DRC) published a Code of Practice for
Rights of Access Goods, Facilities, Services and Premises (UK, 2002)
DRC Published Code of Practice for Website Accessibility (PAS78) (UK,
2006)
PAS78 refers to the
WCAG Guidelines
Australia Disability Discrimination Act (1992)
WWW Accessibility (Disability) Policy (Australia, 2000)
WCAG 2.0 Level AA
Canada Canadian Human Rights Act (Canada, 1977)
Employment Equity Act (Canada, 1995)
Ontarians with Disabilities Act (Ontario, Canada, 2001)
Common Look and Feel Standards for the Internet (Canada, 2006)
WCAG 1.0 P1 and P2
Germany Ordinance on Barrier Free Information Technology or BITV (Germany,
2002)
BITV has two priorities &
14 standards, based on
the WCAG 1.0 Guidelines
European
Union
Unified Web Evaluation Methodology 1.0 (2006) WCAG 2.0
Color and Contrast - Provide sufficient color contrast for the foreground and background color
combinations.
Color cant be used as a sole indicator of meaning
Font Sizes - Make your default font size reasonably big (at least 10 point) so that very few users
have to resort to manual overrides.
Icons and Texts for Better Context
Sensory Characteristics - Do not use size, shape or location to provide any information
Different heading levels should be appropriately used.
Alt text inclusion for images is critical and should be null for spacer images and for images that are
included with same anchor tag for a textual link.
Expansion for abbreviations is essential
Keyboard access is very critical, considering that there could be few users who wouldnt be using
mouse at all.
Skip to Main Content should be available.
Row and Column headers should be provided for all data tables, <th> tags.
Descriptive and informative page titles
Ensure all hyperlinks use descriptive and meaningful text, avoiding short-hand language like
'Click here';
Captions must be provided for any multimedia (audio/visual) content
Avoid Flickering - Pages shall be designed to avoid causing the screen to flicker with a frequency
greater than 2 Hz and lower than 55 Hz.
Web Accessibility Quick Fixes

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Manesh Samuel John

Dr Saim Ali Soomro.

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