modajlija

verb category
WHAT HAVE WE
LEARNED SO FAR?
SECONDARY AUXILIARIES
NO NON-FINITE FORMS (*I am canning swim.)
NO INFLECTIONS (*She musts go.)
FOLLOWED BY BARE INFINITIVE
1
ST
IN THE VP (*You have could said that. )

COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION (* He may must
speak.)

NO IMPERATIVE MOOD (*Should!)

modals are categorized under auxiliaries
the authors deal with each modal separately, by
giving theoretical instructions for the use of each
auxiliary (form, use, and other uses)
the auxiliaries are grouped in this way:

Do, May, and Can;
Must, Have To and Need;
Ought, Dare, and Used




Looking at A Practical English Grammar for Foreign
Students by A.J.Thomson and A.V.Martinet
+ 13 : 5687 -
1960s
Modal verbs are called modal auxiliaries, since they
only function as auxiliaries. They contribute to the
semantic area of MODALITY (volition, probability,
obligation), but their semantic roles are broader
than just that.



A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language
Quirk et al
+ 423 : 3456 -
1980s
giving advice

making promises/threats



giving orders


Speech acts:
You should read up on modals, hon.
Well, you should keep an eye on that golden
grill of yours, we wouldn't want something to happen to you?

You can polish my shoes now, mortal.
MORPHOLOGICAL
AND SYNTACTIC
CHARACTERISTICS
NAKED MODALS
they can be only seen in the nude - bare
infinitive (ought and used)







You will be questioned. You ought to read this slide
info.

They might have fallen asleep reading this. VS. We
used to be so much smarter.
NO FUNNY BUSINESS
they like to keep a clean slate - finite
functions



*The students are needing to listen.
*I am maying study today.
XOXO MODAL GIRL
they don't like to gossip






*She musts be shocked reading this awful
sentence.
INSANE TIME
abnormal time reference




We may/might not find a job as English
majors upon graduation.
Would you like to become a sailor then?
MODALITY

Modality is concerned with the speaker's
attitude towards the factuality or actualisation of
the situation expressed by the rest of the clause.




The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
2000s
+ 8771 : 13 -
CORE CONCEPTS IN
MODALITY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8gyENXdqvo
NECESSITY (strong modality)




He must take a day off.
POSSIBILITY (weak modality)




He might have an anger management problem.
SPEAKER SUBJECTIVE/OBJECTIVE
ATTITUDE




He may have overreacted.
Basic modal verbs
CAN/COULD
MAY/MIGHT
SHALL/SHOULD
WILL/WOULD
MUST

Lexical modals:
Adjectives: necessary, possible, etc.
Verbs: insist, permit
Adverbs: certainly, surely
Nouns: permission

Other linguistic expressions of modality
KINDS OF
MODALITY
EPISTEMIC
- episteme = knowledge (Gr.)
may, must, will, should, can




This will be the postman. = it is possible that the
postman at the door
They should be in Africa by now. = it is likely that they
have arrived to Africa by now
You cant be that stupid. = it is not possible that youre
so stupid
DEONTIC
-deont = related to obligation (Gr.)
-may, must, ought to, can, shall, should,
need



SHE CAN KILL HERSELF NOW. = she is allowed/permitted to
DYNAMIC
ability, willingness, habit (Gr.)
can, will




She can help you to meet Brad Pitt. = is able to
/knows how to; it is possible that she...
They will drink for hours doing nothing else. = it is
their habit to drink...
SERBIAN
GRAMMAR BOOKS
No separate section about modality
Complex verb structures:





Savremeni srpskohrvatski jezik, Stevanovid

1970s
Mogli ste da se javite. (da + prezent) / Mogli ste se javiti.
(infinitiv)
Moram da doem. (da + prezent) / Moram doi. (infinitiv)
Other Serbian modal verbs: TREBATI,
VREDETI, SMETI, UMETI , HTETI,
DATI, ZNATI, IMATI




To se ne da popraviti.
Ona zna da kasni.
Ima da objasni!
A separate section about modality
Modality denotes the properties that the
speaker assigns to his/her statement
or to the situation denoted by that statement.




2000s
Sintaksa savremenog srpskog jezika , Piper et al

Modal verbs : MOI, SMETI, HTETI,
MORATI, TREBATI, ELETI

Other modal expressions: MOGUE,
NUNO, ZABRANJENO, BITI U STANJU,
BITI DUAN, BITI OBAVEZAN, itd.





KINDS OF
MODALITY

DEONTIC TREBATI, SMETI,
MORATI






To se mora zavriti.
Oni su duni da nadoknade tetu.
On treba da se lei.

Oigledno je potrebno da se on lei.
OPTATIVE indicates wishes and hopes






iveli!
Dobrodoli!
Ne bilo primenjeno!
Crkla dabogda!
Opet neto kuca, avoli ga kucali!
Bog te video!
U zdravlju da potroite!
SUBJECTIVE MODALITY: EPISTEMIC-
MORATI, TREBATI, BITI
BEZ SUMNJE, SVAKAKO, SIGURNO,
VEROVATNO





Mora da ste poeli.
Trebalo bi da su poeli.
Ona je svakako dola.
Ona je, moda, dola.
Bide da je tako.
CONCLUSION

ENGLISH VS. SERBIAN

FINITENESS (Hotei da joj da kompliment, on ju je
uvredio, kukavac sinji.)

INFLECTIONS (Mi ne smeMO da dozvolimo da neprijatelj
pree Drinu! )

INFINITIVE AND DA + PRESENT (DAKANJE) (Put me
zove, moram poi/moram da poem.)

FREE WORD ORDER (Ja raditi moram danas, inae ode
glava! )
FREE VARIATION
(On mora da hoe da kupi to imanje im ga toliko
obilazi!)

NO IMPERATIVE MOOD
*Moraj!
*Htej!

NO FINAL LIST OF SERBIAN MODALS
References
Stevanovi, M. (1974), Savremeni srpskohrvatski jezik II,
Beograd: Nauna knjiga.

Piper, P. Et al. (2005), Sintaksa savremenoga srpskog jezika,
prosta reenica, Beograd: Institut za srpski jezik
SANU/Beogradska knjiga, Novi Sad: Matica Srpska.

Thomson, A.J. and Martinet, A.V. (1960), A.V, A Practical
English Grammar for Foreign Students, London : Oxford
University Press.

Randolph Quirk et al. (1985), A Comprehensive Grammar
of the English Language, London and New York: Longman.

References
Huddleston, R. and Pullum, G. (2002), The Cambridge
Grammar of the English Language, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press