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Energy from waste technologies: Biogas from landfill Anaerobic digestion waste combustion Mechanical Biological treatment (MBT) Secondary Recovered Fuels (srf) Cement kilns Conclusions Lecture outline World population growth energy use per capita K g o f o I l e q u I v a t p e r c a p I t a Oil consumption worldwide Future temperature predictions UK Energy supply Potential to supply 10% of
Energy from waste technologies: Biogas from landfill Anaerobic digestion waste combustion Mechanical Biological treatment (MBT) Secondary Recovered Fuels (srf) Cement kilns Conclusions Lecture outline World population growth energy use per capita K g o f o I l e q u I v a t p e r c a p I t a Oil consumption worldwide Future temperature predictions UK Energy supply Potential to supply 10% of
Energy from waste technologies: Biogas from landfill Anaerobic digestion waste combustion Mechanical Biological treatment (MBT) Secondary Recovered Fuels (srf) Cement kilns Conclusions Lecture outline World population growth energy use per capita K g o f o I l e q u I v a t p e r c a p I t a Oil consumption worldwide Future temperature predictions UK Energy supply Potential to supply 10% of
Lecture outline World population growth http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ UK Population Growth Energy use per capita K g
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Oil consumption worldwide Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere Future temperature predictions UK Energy supply Potential to supply ~10% of UK energy from EfW The UK energy gap UK sources of alternative renewable energy Cost of energy from different sources Resource Efficient Economy Linear system Products Natural resources Waste Circular economy Natural resources Products Products Waste
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Resource Natural resources Municipal solid waste collected, EU 15, 2007 Other important wastes used for energy generation Hierarchy of waste management options MSW management in the EU Municipal solid waste sent to landfill in EU 15 Energy from Waste via Landfill Gas Landfills as major construction projects Landfill Processes
INPUTS: Liquids - present in waste, rain and other inputs Solids - wastes inert and biodegradable parts Gases - air in void spaces
OUTPUTS: Landfill leachate Landfill gas Residual solids - what is left at the end Landfill degradation: Schematic of landfill stabilisation: Aerobic: phases I and V Anaerobic: phases II, III and IV Methanogenic landfill gas composition Landfill gas Typical landfill gas extraction well Landfill gas extraction well Schematic diagram of an operating landfill site Landfill gas collection system LANDFILL GAS (LFG):
LFG is typically approximately 50 - 60 % methane Methane is flammable, explosive, colourless and odourless Strong greenhouse gas that harms vegetation
Migration of LFG away from site is a significant concern
Up to 400 m 3 per tonne of waste over 25 years or more 13 m 3 per tonne per year at peak 1 million tonnes of MSW can produce 1,000 m 3 per hour
Controlled by use of impermeable barriers as for landfill leachate Active pumping or passive extraction
Modern containment sites collect and use LFG
Green energy from landfill gas:
Gas extraction systems used in large modern landfill sites
Combusted and used to generate electricity and/or heat
Calorific value ~ 15 - 21 MJ/m 3 (natural gas is 37 MJ/m 3 )
Site containing 1 million tonnes can generate 1 MW of electricity
Currently around 150 UK sites are generating electricity
Producing a total of 292 megawatts
Estimated 500 LFG energy schemes worldwide
Yield of LFG - typically about 1 - 3 m 3 /tonne of waste per year
Maximum recorded is over 20 m 3 /tonne Landfill gas production and collection for utilisation Landfill gas production and collection LFG EXPLOITATION:
Normally about 50% of landfill gas (LFG) is lost
LFG is saturated with water and this needs to be removed
Direct use in boilers, kilns and furnaces is easiest and cheapest
Most suited to large sites containing 200,000 to 500,000 tonnes of waste
Bigger schemes are better, economies of scale
Pollutant emissions from LFG combustion are mainly carbon dioxide, water vapour and minor pollutants
Probable decline beyond 2025 due to the effects of EU Landfill Directive on waste composition reduction in biodegradable waste Landfill should be the last resort for waste, particularly biodegradable waste;
The landfill tax will remain a key driver to divert waste from landfill;
It is necessary to ensure the UK meets key EU targets in 2013 and 2020.
Landfill Tax will increase until it reaches 80 per tonne in 2014/15.
Government Review of Waste Policy 2011 Reduction of biodegradable municipal waste sent to landfill: 2010 - reduce biodegradable waste to landfill to 75% of 1995 levels 2013 - reduce biodegradable waste to landfill to 50% of 1995 levels 2020 - reduce biodegradable waste to landfill to 35% of 1995 levels EU Landfill Directive:
A landfill in a box!
Anaerobic Digestion (AD) effectively treats the organic component of waste
Huge range of green materials, rotten food, manure, industry-sourced organic waste and even energy crops grown specifically for this purpose.
Enables biogas production under optimised conditions
Transforms the green waste into energy and a valuable natural fertilizer.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ND9QoDS4ScY
Anaerobic digestion Food waste to anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digester Typical AD plants Overall waste management scheme using AD Composition and calorific values of MSW
Calorific value of municipal solid waste ~ 1/3 of coal 1 Tonne MSW = 500kWh electricity or 200Kg of oil UK Energy from waste (EfW) plants Source: Incineration Transformation, A.Metcalfe, CIWM, June 2010 New proposed WtE facilities Source: Incineration Transformation, A.Metcalfe, CIWM, June 2010 MSW Incineration plants in the UK Plant Company Scale (tpa) Electrical Energy
Edmonton London Waste 500,000 32MW Allington WRG 500,000 43MW SELCHP SELCHP/Veolia 420,000 32MW Tysesley Tyseley Waste/Veolia 350,000 25MW Cleveland Sita 245,000 20MW Coventry Coventry/Solihull WDC 240,000 18MW Sheffield Veolia 225,000 + Heat 39MW Stoke MES Environmental 200,000 13MW Marchwood Veolia 165,000 14MW Portsmouth Veolia 165,000 14MW Nottingham Veolia 150,000 + Heat 20MW Kirklees Sita 136,000 9MW Dundee Dundee Energy Recycling 120,000 83MW Wolverhampton MES Environmental 105,000 7MW Dudley MES Environmental 90,000 7MW Chineham Veolia 90,000 7MW Isle of Man Sita 60,000 6MW
SELCHP (next to Millwall FC)
South East London Combined Heat and Power Veolia EfW plant Southampton 400,000 tonnes capacity, operating from 2010 New Grundon/Viridor Lakeside EfW plant http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRCuEInRqEY
446 large scale MSW incinerators in Europe Number of plants in Europe http://www.cewep.eu/
France 130 13.7 Germany 70 19.1 Italy 51 4.5 Sweden 31 4.7 Denmark 31 3.5 Switzerland 29 3.6 UK 24 4.4 Norway 20 1.0 Belgium 16 2.6 Netherlands 12 6.3 Spain 10 2.2 Austria 11 2.3 Portugal 3 1.1 Czech Republic 3 0.4 Finland 3 0.3 Slovakia 2 0.2
Number of facilities MSW Treated Mtonnes per year CEWEP is the Confederation of European Waste to Energy Plants Energy from Waste in Europe From CEWEP Spittelau waste to energy plant, Austria Amsterdam Largest WtE facility in the world @ 1.5 million tonnes per year Energy from Waste (EfW)
Advantages:
No methane production Incineration close to where waste is generated/collected No long-term liabilities EfW now has a track record in many countries Produces biologically sterile ash with: 1/10 the volume 1/3rd the weight of original waste Emissions are controlled Extract energy from the waste Bottom ash can be reused as aggregate in construction Energy from Waste (EfW)
Disadvantages:
Generates carbon dioxide Public perception High costs and long pay back periods Needs long-term waste disposal contracts Regarded by some as not compatible with recycling Needs high calorific value wastes - paper and plastics Concern over emissions - dioxins and furans Production of ash residues requiring disposal
Schematic diagram of an EfW plant Crane, typically a 5 Tonne grab View of waste burning on the grate Temperature is typically at 900 - 1000C Optimum solution for MSW I n s t a l l e d
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Status of UK energy from landfill gas and waste combustion Waste delivered to reception hall Shredding and mechanical separation Sent for recycling Metals Anaerobic Digestion Landfill SRF to market Biogas for electricity or fuel for vehicles Residues Organics Refuse derived fuel Biomass fuel
Energy for homes and businesses Mechanical Biological Treatment Producing Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) 450,000 Tonnes of SRF currently produced in the UK (9 large facilities) About 1.5 million tonnes SRF capacity planned (19 facilities) SRF mainly used in cement kilns Alternative to mass burn energy from waste plants Plants currently producing SRF in the UK Shanks/Eco deco at Frog Island - SRF How Green is Mechanical Biological Treatment? http://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display/6685029706/articles/waste-management-world/volume-12/issue-2/features/how-green-is-mechanical-biological-treatment.html
SRF plants planned in the UK Temperatures of 1450C Uses high calorific value wastes Cement kilns burning waste UK renewable energy generation Radius of influence is typically about 30 metres Conclusions And in the long term!!!!! Turn the lights out!!!!