DISEASE CONTROL (DEMT 2433)

DIPLOMA IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

VICTORIA INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE
BY: MR KHAIRUL NIZAM MOHD ISA
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Objectives
1. To understand the classification of diseases
2. To understand the concept of signs, symptoms and syndromes
3. To elaborate the stages of infection
4. To discuss the diseases controlling strategies
Classification of Disease
Inherited disease
Inherited disease are caused by errors in genetic information.
The resulting developmental disorders may be caused by
abnormalities in the number and distribution of chromosomes
or by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors.
Example: Sickle cell anaemia
Congenital disease
Congenital diseases are structural and functional defects
present at birth, caused by drugs, excessive X-ray exposure
or certain infections.
Examples: Rubella, syphilis infection
Degenerative disease
Degenerative disease are disorders that develop in one or
more body system as aging occurs.
Patients with degenerative disease such as emphysema or
impaired kidney function are susceptible to infections.
Conversely, infectious agents can cause tissue damage that
lead to degenerative disease.
Classification of Disease
Nutritional deficiency disease
Nutritional deficiency diseases lower resistance to infectious
disease and contribution to the severity of infections.
Examples: Corynebacterium diptheriae produces more toxin
in people with iron deficiencies than in those with normal
amount of iron.
Endocrine disease
Endocrine diseases are due to the excessive or deficiencies of
hormones.
Viral infection has been linked to pancreatic damages that
lead to insulin-dependent diabetes.
Mental disease
Can be caused by a variety of factors, including those of an
emotional or psychogenic nature as well as certain infections.
Examples: psychological stress may give rise to several
gastrointestinal disorders, skin irritation and breath
difficulties. Result from brain infections such as in case of
neuropsyphilias and Creutzfeld-Jakob disease.
Classification of Disease
Immunological disease
Immunological disease such as allergies, autoimmune disease and
immunodeficiencies caused by malfunction of the immune systems.
Examples: AIDS is a consequence of viral infection and destruction of
certain cells of immune system.
Neoplastic disease
Involve abnormal cell growth that leads to the formation of various
types of general harmless or cancerous growths or tumors.
Causes of such disease include chemicals, physicals, radiation and
microorganisms.
Example: Papillomavirus which cause cervical cancer.
Iatrogenic disease
Iatrogenic disease are caused by medical procedures and/or
treatments.
Examples: surgical errors, drug reactions and infections acquired
from hospital treatment.
Classification of Disease
Idiopathic diseases
Idiopathic diseases are disease whose cause is unknown.
Some researchers believe that Alzheimer’s disease which
cause mental deterioration.
Classification of Disease
Noncommunicable disease (NCD)
NCD is a disease which is not infectious.
Such diseases may result from genetic or lifestyle factors.
A non-communicable disease is an illness that is caused
by something other than a pathogen.
It might result from hereditary factors, improper diet,
smoking, or other factors.
Non-communicable
Disease
A non-communicable disease or NCD is a disease
which is not infectious. Such diseases may result from
genetic or lifestyle factors.
A non-communicable disease is an illness that is
caused by something other than a pathogen.
It might result from hereditary factors, improper diet,
smoking, or other factors. Those resulting from lifestyle
factors are sometimes called diseases of affluence.
Examples include hypertension, diabetes,
cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mental health
problems, asthma, atherosclerosis,allergy etc.
The non-communicable diseases are spread by:
heredity, surroundings and behavior.
Communicable Disease
Communicable disease:
Is defined as an illness that is capable of being
spread to a susceptible host through the direct or
indirect transmission of an infectious agent or toxic
product by an infected person, animal, arthropod,
or through the agency of an intermediate host, or a
vector or through the inanimate environment.
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Infectious disease: illness caused by the
presence of a pathogen

Pathogens: disease causing organisms

Examples: bacteria, protozoa, fungi, viruses

Pathogens are found in the soil, contaminated

water, and infected animals (including
humans)
Types of Infectious disease
Term Characteristic of infection
Acute disease Disease in which symptoms develop rapidly and that
runs its course quickly
Chronic disease Disease in which symptoms develop slowly and disease
is slow to appear
Subacute disease Disease with symptoms intermediate between acute and
chronic
Latent disease Disease in which symptoms appear and/or reappear long
after infection
Local infection Infection confined to a small region of the body, such as
a boil or bladder infection
Focal infection Infection in a confined region from which pathogens
travel to other regions of the body, such as abscessed
tooth or infected sinuses
Systemic infection Infection in which the pathogen is spread throughout the
body, often by traveling through blood or lymph
Primary infection Infection in a previously healthy person
Secondary infection Infection that immediately follows a primary infection
Super infection Secondary infection that is usually caused by an agent
resistant to the treatment for the primary infection
Signs, Symptoms &
Syndromes
Sign
A sign is a characteristic of a disease that can be observed by
examining the patient.
Signs of disease include such things as swelling, redness, rashes,
coughing, pus formation, runny nose, fever, vomiting and
diarrhea.
Symptoms
A symptom is a characteristic of a disease that can be observed
or felt only by the patient.
Symptoms includes such thing as pain, shortness of breath,
nausea, sore throat, headache, malaise (discomfort).
Syndrome
Syndrome is a combination of signs and symptoms that occur
together and are indicative of a particular disease or abnormal
condition.
For example, most infectious disease cause the body to mount
an acute inflammatory response.
Stages of Infectious
Disease
The incubation period
The incubation period for an infectious is the time between
infection and the appearance of signs and symptoms.
Although the infected person is not aware of the presence of
an infectious agents.
He or she can spread the disease to others.
Each infectious disease has a typical incubation period.
The length of the incubation period is determined by the
properties of the pathogen and the response of the host to
the organism.
Properties that affect the incubation period include:
The nature of the organism
Its virulence
How many organism enter the body
Where they enter in relation to the tissues they affect
Stages of Infectious
Disease
The prodromal Phase
The prodromal phase of disease is a short period during which
nonspecific, often mild, symptoms such malaise and headache
sometimes appear.
Example: you wake up one morning feeling bad, and you know
you are coming down with something, but you don’t know yet
whether you will break out in spots, start to cough, develop a
sore throat or experience other signs or symptoms.
Many disease lack of prodomal phase and begin with a sudden
onset of symptoms such as fever and chills.
During the prodomal phase, infected individuals are contagious
and can spread the disease to others.
Stages of Infectious
Disease
The Invasive Phase
The invasive phase is the period during which the individual experiences the
typical signs and symptoms of the disease.
These may include fever, nausea, headache, rash and swollen lymph nodes.
During this phase, the time when the sign and the symptoms reach their
greatest intensity is known as acme.
During the acme, pathogens invade and damage tissues.
A period of chills followed by fever marks the acme of many disease.
As sign and symptoms appear, the form of infection will take become clear.
Individual at this critical stage are still contagious.
The battle between pathogens and host defenses is at its height.
If treatment is not available or provided in time, death can result.
Stages of Infectious
Disease
The Decline phase
As symptoms begin to subside, the disease enters the decline
phase.
The period of illness during which host defense and the effects of
treatment finally overcome the pathogen.
The body activities gradually return to normal.
Secondary infections may occur during this phase.
Stages of Infectious
Disease
The Convalescence Period
During the convalescence period, tissues are repaired, healing
takes place and the body regains strength and recovers.
Individuals no longer have disease symptoms.
In some disease, however, especially those in which scabs form
over lesions, person recovering from the disease can still
transmit pathogens to others.
Stages of Infectious
Disease
Acme

Invasive Decline
phase phase

Most severe signs Declining signs

and symptoms and symptoms

Time
Controlling Disease
Transmission
Several methods are currently available for full or
partial control of communicable disease. Includes:
Isolation
Quarantine
Immunization
Vector control

Isolation
A patient with a communicable disease is prevented from
having contact with the general population.
Generally accomplished in a hospital.
There are appropriate procedures can be carried out to
reduce the spread of disease among susceptible individual
and to prevent the spread of disease in general population.
Controlling Disease
Transmission
Quarantine
Quarantine is the separation of healthy human or animal carriers
from the general population when they have been exposed to a
communicable disease.
Quarantine prevents spread of the disease during its incubation
period.
Mainly used for serious disease such as cholera and yellow fever.

Immunization program
Extremely effective means of controlling communicable disease
for which safe vaccines are available.
This program greatly increase herd immunity and thus greatly
decrease human suffering and death from infectious diseases.
Examples: polio, measles, mumps.
Controlling Disease
Transmission
Vector control
Effective means of controlling infectious disease if the vector,
such as an insect or rodent, can be identified and its habitat,
breeding habits and feeding behaviour determined.
Place where a vector lives and breeds can be treated with
insecticides or rodenticides.
Window screen, mosquito netting, insect repellents and other
barriers can be used to protect human from becoming victims
of the bites of feeding vectors.
Unfortunately, vectors have their own defenses. Some escape
or become resistant to pesticides.
THANK YOU