Linear Phase System

Ideal Delay System

Magnitude, phase, and group delay




Impulse response


If o=n
d
is integer

For integer o linear phase system delays the input


( ) t < e =
eo e
e e H
j j
id
( )
( )
( ) | | o =
eo = Z
=
e
e
e
j
id
j
id
j
id
e H grd
e H
1 e H
| |
( ) ( )
( ) o t
o t
=
n
n sin
n h
id
| | | |
d id
n n n h o =
| | | | | | | | | | | |
d d id
n n x n n n x n h n x n y = o - = - =
Linear Phase Systems
For non-integer o the output is an interpolation of samples
Easiest way of representing is to think of it in continuous


This representation can be used even if x[n] was not originally
derived from a continuous-time signal
The output of the system is


Samples of a time-shifted, band-limited interpolation of the
input sequence x[n]
A linear phase system can be thought as


A zero-phase system output is delayed by o
( ) ( ) ( )
T j
c c
e j H and T t t h
o O
= O o o =
| | ( ) T nT x n y o =
( ) ( )
eo e e
=
j j j
e e H e H
Generalized Linear Phase System
Generalized Linear Phase


Additive constant in addition to linear term
Has constant group delay


And linear phase of general form




( ) ( )
| + eo e e
=
j j j j
e e A e H
( )
constants and
of function Real : e A
j
| o
e
e
( ) ( ) | | ( ) | | ( ) o =
e
= = e t
e e j j
e H arg
d
d
e H grd
( ) | | t < e s eo | =
e
0 e H arg
j
Condition for Generalized Linear Phase
We can write a generalized linear phase system response as



The phase angle of this system is



Cross multiply to get necessary condition for generalized linear
phase
( ) | | | | ( ) | | ( ) n sin n h j n cos n h e n h e H
n n
n j
n
j
e e = =


=

=
e

=
e
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) eo | + eo | = =
e e | + eo e e
sin e jA cos e A e e A e H
j j j j j j
( )
( )
| | ( )
| | ( ) n cos n h
n sin n h
cos
sin
n
n
e
e
=
eo |
eo |

=
| | ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( )
| | ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
| | ( ) | | ( ) | | 0 n sin n h n sin n h
0 cos n sin sin n cos n h
0 cos n sin n h sin n cos n h
n n
n
n n
= o e + | = e + eo |
= eo | e eo | e
= eo | e eo | e

=
Symmetry of Generalized Linear Phase
Necessary condition for generalized linear phase


For |=0 or t



For |= t/2 or 3t/2

| | ( ) | | 0 n sin n h
n
= o e + |

=
| | ( ) | | | | | | n h n 2 h 0 n sin n h
n
= o = o e

=
| | ( ) | | | | | | n h n 2 h 0 n cos n h
n
= o = o e

=
Causal Generalized Linear-Phase System
If the system is causal and generalized linear-phase


Since h[n]=0 for n<0 we get


An FIR impulse response of length M+1 is generalized linear
phase if they are symmetric
Here M is an even integer





| | M n and 0 n 0 n h > < =
| | | | n h n M h =
Location of Zeros for Symmetric Cases
For type I and II we have

So if z
0
is a zero 1/z
0
is also a zero of the system
If h[n] is real and z
0
is a zero z
0
*
is also a zero
So for real and symmetric h[n] zeros come in sets of four
Special cases where zeros come in pairs
If a zero is on the unit circle reciprocal is equal to conjugate
If a zero is real conjugate is equal to itself
Special cases where a zero come by itself
If z=1 both the reciprocal and conjugate is itself
Particular importance of z=-1

If M is odd implies that

Cannot design high-pass filter with symmetric FIR filter and M odd
| | | | ( ) ( )
1 M z
z H z z H n M h n h

= =
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 H 1 1 H
M
=
( ) 0 1 H =
Location of Zeros for Antisymmetric Cases
For type III and IV we have


All properties of symmetric systems holds
Particular importance of both z=+1 and z=-1
If z=1

Independent from M: odd or even
If z=-1

If M+1 is odd implies that

| | | | ( ) ( )
1 M z
z H z z H n M h n h

= =
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 H 1 1 H
1 M
=
+
( ) 0 1 H =
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 1 H 1 H 1 H = =