EET 102

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
COURSE OUTLINE
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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INTRODUCTION OF TRANSFORMER
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
ENERGY IN A COUPLED CIRCUIT
LINEAR TRANSFORMERS
IDEAL TRANSFORMERS
INTRODUCTION OF TRANSFORMER
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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An electrical device designed on the basis of the
concept of magnetic coupling.
Transfer energy from one circuit to another
circuit using magnetically coupled coils.
Known as key circuit elements in power systems
for stepping up or stepping down AC voltages or
current; in electronic circuits as impedance
matching , and isolating one part of the circuit
from another.
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Ability of one inductor to induce a voltage across
another inductor when two inductors are in close to
each other.
The magnetic flux caused by current in one coil links
with the other coil.
Faradays law the voltage v induced in the coil is
proportional to the number of turns N and the time
rate of change of the magnetic flux |
dt
d
N v
|
=
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Flux | is produce by current i; changes in |
is caused by a change in i.






Know as self inductance because relates the
voltage induced in a coil by a time-varying
current in the same coil.
dt
di
di
d
N v
|
=
dt
di
L v =
di
d
N L
|
=
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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The open circuit mutual
voltage across coil 2.
Magnetic flux |
1
emanating
from coil 1 has two
components:

Entire flux |
1
links coil 1, the
voltage induced in coil 1 is:


Only |
12
links coil 2, so the
voltage induced in coil 2 is:




dt
di
M v
1
21 2
=
12 11 1
| | | + =
dt
d
N v
1
1 1
|
=
dt
d
N v
12
2 2
|
=
dt
di
L
dt
di
di
d
N v
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
= =
|
dt
di
M
dt
di
di
d
N v
1
21
1
1
12
2 2
= =
|
Self inductance of coil 1
Mutual inductance of coil 2 with respect to coil 1
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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The open circuit mutual
voltage across coil 1.
Magnetic flux |
2
emanating
from coil 1 has two
components:

Entire flux |
2
links coil 1, the
voltage induced in coil 1 is:


Only |
21
links coil 2, so the
voltage induced in coil 2 is:




22 21 2
| | | + =
dt
d
N v
2
2 2
|
=
dt
d
N v
21
1 1
|
=
dt
di
L
dt
di
di
d
N v
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
= =
|
dt
di
M
dt
di
di
d
N v
2
12
2
2
21
1 1
= =
|
Self inductance of coil 2
Mutual inductance of coil 1 with respect to coil 2
dt
di
M v
2
12 1
=
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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M is refer as mutual inductance between the two
coils.
Mutual coupling exists when inductors or coils are
in close proximity and circuit are driven by time-
varying sources.
Mutual inductance is the ability of one inductor to
induce voltage across a neighboring inductor,
measured in henrys (H).

M M M = =
21 12
Dot convention
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Mutual inductance M is always positive quantity
but mutual voltage M di/dt may be negative or
positive.
A dot is placed in the circuit at one end of each
of the two magnetically coupled coils to indicate
the direction of magnetic flux if current enters
that dotted terminal of the coil.
The dots are used along with the dot convention
to determine the polarity of the mutual voltage.
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Dot convention state as:
If a current enters the dotted terminal of one coil,
the reference polarity of mutual voltage in second
coil is positive at dotted terminal of second coil.
If a current leaves the dotter terminal of one coil,
the reference polarity of mutual voltage in second
coil is negative at dotted terminal of second coil.

Illustration of the dot convention
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Examples of illustrating applying dot convention
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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) connection aiding - (series
2
2 1
M L L L + + =
) connection opposing - (series
2
2 1
M L L L + =
Dot convention for coils in series; the sign
indicates the polarity of the mutual voltage;
(a) series-aiding connection,
(b) series-opposing connection.

EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Applying KVL
Coil 1



Coil 2
Example 1
Time-domain analysis of a circuit containing coupled coils
dt
di
M
dt
di
L R i v
2 1
1 1 1 1
+ + =
dt
di
M
dt
di
L R i v
1 2
2 2 2 2
+ + =
2 2 2 1 2
2 1 1 1 1
) (
) (
: domain frequency In
I L j R MI j V
MI j I L j R V
e e
e e
+ + =
+ + =
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Applying KVL
Coil 1


Coil 2
Frequency-domain analysis of a circuit containing coupled coils
Example 2
2 1 1 1
) ( MI j I L j Z V e e + =
2 2 1
) ( 0 I L j Z MI j
L
e e + + =
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Applying KVL for coil 1:




Example 3
0 3 ) 5 4 ( 12
2 1
= + + I j I j j
12 3
2 1
= I j jI
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Applying KVL for coil 2:
0 ) 6 12 ( 3
2 1
= + + I j I j
2
2
1
) 4 2 (
3
) 6 12 (
I j
j
I j
I
=
+
=
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Substituting I
2
in equation coil 1
A
j
I
I j j
I j I j
Z =

=
= +
= +
04 . 14 91 . 2
4
12
12 ) 3 4 2 (
12 3 ) 4 2 (
2
2
2 2
A
I j I
o
o o
39 . 49 01 . 13
) 04 . 14 91 . 2 )( 43 . 63 372 . 4 (
) 4 2 (
2 1
Z =
Z Z =
=
ENERGY IN A COUPLED CIRCUIT
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Energy stored in inductor is:
2
2
1
Li w=
Power in coil 1:


Energy stored in coil 1:
dt
di
L i i v t p
1
1 1 1 1 1
) ( = =
2
1 1
0 1 1 1
1 1
2
1


1
I L
di i L
dt p w
I
=
}
=
}
=
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Maintain i
1
=I
1
; increase i
2
from zero to I
2
.





dt
di
L i
dt
di
M I
v i
dt
di
M i
v i v i t p
2
2 2
2
12 1
2 2
2
12 1
2 2 1 1
2
) (
+ =
+ =
+ =
2
2 2 2 1 12
0
2 2 2
0
2 1 12
2 2
2
1
2 2
I L I I M
di i L di I M
dt p w
I I
+ =
+ =
=
} }
}
Power in coil 2:

Energy stored in coil 2:
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Total energy stored in the coil when i
1
& i
2
reached
constant value:





Since M
12
= M
21
= M




Coil current both entered the dotted terminals.
2 1 12
2
2 2
2
1 1
2 1
2
1
2
1
I I M I L I L
w w w
+ + =
+ =
2 1
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
1
2
1
I MI I L I L w + + =
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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If one current enters one dotted terminal while the
other current leaves the other dotted terminal, the
mutual voltage is negative.




Generally, energy stored in magnetically coupled circuit
is:
2 1
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
1
2
1
I MI I L I L w + =
2 1
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
1
2
1
I MI I L I L w + =
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Energy stored in the circuit cannot be negative
because the circuit is passive.





Coupling coefficient k is a measure of the magnetic
coupling between two coils; 0 s k s 1

0
2
1
2
1
2 1
2
2 2
2
1 1
> + i Mi i L i L
2 1
L L
M
k =
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Example 4
Consider the circuit below. Determine the
coupling coefficient. Calculate the energy
stored in the coupled inductors at time t = 1s if
v=60cos(4t +30) V.
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Coupling coefficient



Indicate that the inductors are tightly coupled.

Obtain the frequency-domain equivalent
56 . 0
20
5 . 2
2 1
= = =
L L
M
k
O =
O =
O =
O =
= Z +
4
1

16
1

16 4
10 5 . 2
20 5
/ 4 , 30 60 ) 30 4 cos( 60
2
1
j
C j
F
j L j H
j M j H
j L j H
s rad t
e
e
e
e
e
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Mesh 1:



Mesh 2:
Z = + + 30 60 10 ) 20 10 (
2 1
I j I j
2 1
2 1
2 . 1
0 ) 4 16 ( 10
I I
I j j I j
=
= +
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Substituting I
2
in mesh 1






In time-domain:
A I I
A I
j I
Z = =
Z =
Z =
4 . 19 905 . 3 2 . 1
6 . 160 25 . 3
30 60 ) 14 12 (
2 1
2
2
A i
A i
rad t t
t i t i
824 . 2 ) 6 . 160 2 . 229 cos( 254 . 3
389 . 3 ) 4 . 19 2 . 229 cos( 905 . 3
2 . 229 4 4 ; 1
) 6 . 160 4 cos( 254 . 3 ); 4 . 19 4 cos( 905 . 3
2
1
2 1
= + =
= =
= = =
+ = =
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Total energy stored:

J
i Mi i L i L w
73 . 20
) 824 . 2 )( 389 . 3 ( 5 . 2 ) 824 . 2 )( 4 (
2
1
) 389 . 3 )( 5 (
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 2
2 1
2
2 2
2
1 1
=
+ + =
+ + =
LINEAR TRANSFORMER
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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It is generally a four-terminal device comprising
two or more magnetically coupled coils.
Primary coil is connected to voltage source.
Secondary coils is connected to the load.
R
1
and R
2
are included to calculate losses in coil.
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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To obtain input impedance, Z
in
; KVL is applying in
the two loop as below:



Substituting I
2
in I
1
; the input impedance is:




where,
2 2 2 1
2 1 1 1
) ( 0
) (
I Z L j R MI j
MI j I L j R V
L
+ + + =
+ =
e e
e e
R
in
Z L j R
I
V
Z
+ + =
=
1 1
1
e
L
R
Z L j R
M
Z
+ +
=
2 2
2 2
e
e
Equivalent circuit of Linear
Transformer
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Can divide into 2 equivalent; T circuit and H circuit.
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Voltage-current relationship for primary and secondary coils
Matrix equation:





Matrix inversion:

(

=
(

2
1
2
1
2
1
I
I
L j M j
M j L j
V
V
e e
e e
(

(
(
(
(

=
(

2
1
2
2 1
1
2
2 1
2
2 1
2
2 1
2
2
1
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
V
V
M L L j
L
M L L j
M
M L L j
M
M L L j
L
I
I
e e
e e
Equivalent T circuit
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Mesh analysis is apply in T (or Y) network.






If T circuit and linear circuit are equivalent, then:
(

+
+
=
(

2
1
2
1
) (
(
I
I
L L j L j
L j L L j
V
V
c b c
c c a
e e
e e
M L L
a
=
1
M L L
b
=
2
M L
c
=
Equivalent H circuit
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Nodal analysis is apply in H (or A) network.





Equating terms in admittance matrices of above;
obtain:
(

(
(
(
(

+
+
=
(

2
1
2
1
1 1 1
1 1 1
V
V
L j L j L j
L j L j L j
I
I
C B C
C C A
e e e
e e e
M L
M L L
L
A

=
2
2
2 1
M L
M L L
L
B

=
1
2
2 1
M
M L L
L
C
2
2 1

=
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Example 5
In the circuit above, calculate the input
impedance and current I
1
. Take Z
1
=60-j100,
Z
2
=30+j40, and Z
L
=80+j60.
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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A
Z
V
I
j j
j
j
j j j
j j
Z Z j
j Z Z
in
L
in
Z =
Z
Z
= =
O Z =
+ =
+
+ =
+ + + +
+ + =
+ +
+ + =
3 . 113 5 . 0
12 . 53 14 . 100
60 50
12 . 53 14 . 100
11 . 0 087 . 0 80 60
140 110
25
80 60
) 60 80 ( ) 40 30 ( 40
25
20 ) 100 60 (
40
) 5 (
20
1
2
2
1
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Is a unity-coupled, lossless transformer in which
the primary and secondary coils have infinite
self-inductances.
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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From Faradays law:
Voltage across primary winding is



Voltage across secondary winding is



Transformer ratio

dt
d
N v
|
1 1
=
dt
d
N v
|
2 2
=
n
N
N
v
v
= =
1
2
1
2
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Energy supplied to the primary must equal to energy
absorbed by secondary since no losses in ideal
transformer.



Primary and secondary currents are related to the
turns ratio. Thus,
2 2 1 1
i v i v =
n N
N
I
I 1
2
1
1
2
= =
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Step-up transformer
If n > 1, the voltage is increased from primary to
secondary (V
2
> V
1
).


Step-down transformer
If n < 1, the voltage decreased from primary to
secondary (V
2
< V
1
).
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Typical circuits in ideal
transformer
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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From the transformer turn ratio, the V
1
, V
2
, I
1
or I
2

can express as:






The complex power in primary winding for ideal is:

n
I
I nI I
nV V
n
V
V
1
2 2 1
1 2
2
1
or
or
= =
= =
2
*
2 2
*
2
2
*
1 1 1
) ( S I V nI
n
V
I V S = = = =
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Know that:





Since V
2
/I
2
= Z
L
, thus:

2
2
2
1
1
1
I
V
n I
V
Z
in
= =
2
n
Z
Z
L
in
=
Also known as reflected impedance
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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Example 6
An ideal transformer is rated at 2400/120V,
9.6 kVA, and has 50 turns on the secondary
side.

Calculate:
(a) the turns ratio,
(b) the number of turns on the primary side,
and
(c) the current ratings for the primary and
secondary windings.
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
46
05 . 0
2400
120

120 2400
since former, down trans - step a is This a)
1
2
2 1
= = =
= > =
V
V
n
V V V V
turns N
N N
N
n
1000
50
05 . 0 b)
1
1 1
2
=
= =
A
V
S
I
A
V
S
I
kVA I V I V S
80
120
9600

4
2400
9600

Hence, . 6 . 9 c)
2
2
1
1
2 2 1 1
= = =
= = =
= = =
THE END
EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
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