Art History Stuff

me
Nicola Pisano, Baptistry Pulpit, 1260,
Pisa
Made of marble
Inscription with his name and
date
5 almost square reliefs
Round arches
Relief panels resemble the
sculptured front of a roman
sarcophagus
Columns gothic variation of
Corinthian
Nicola Pisano, Nativity, 1260, Baptistry
Pulpit, Pisa
December 25
th
, Feast Day, Christmas
March 25
th
, annunciation
Shepherds
Size represents importance
Marys perpetual virginity increased her divinity
resembles lid figures on Roman sarcophagi - Mary
appears twice each different sizes - The reclining
Mary is the focus of the sculpture - Mary's posture
and drapery are reminiscent of those of the lid
figures on Etruscan and Roman sarcophagi -
Scholars have been able to pin point the models of
the Pulpit figures on Roman sarcohpagi in Pisa -
Worked in a classical tradition
classical sculpture inspired the face types, beards,
coiffures, and draperies, as well as the bulk and
weight of the figures
Giotto, Lamentation, Arena (Scrovengi)
Chapel, c. 1305, Padua, Italy
Very emotional, can see the grief on the faces and in their movement
Drapery modeling (light and shadow to create folds)
Hill points to focal point at Jesus and everyone is looking at Jesus
Foreshortening when an object of form is painted perpendicularly to the
picture plane to give the illusion that the object extends into space
Typology scene from old testament foreshadows a scene from the new
testament
Giotto used the diagonal slpe of the rocky landscape to direct the viewer's
attention toward the head of the sculpturesque figure of the dead Christ -
Giotto's stately and slow moving actors present their dramas convincingly
and with great restraint - In the presence of boldly foreshortened andgels,
seen head on with their bodies receding into the background and darting
about in hysterical grief, a congregagtion mourns over the dead body of the
Savior just before its entombment - Mary cradles her son's body, while Mary
Magdalene looks solemnly at the wounds in Christ's feet and Saint John the
Evangelist throws his arms back dramatically - Postures and destures that
might have been only rhetorical and mechanical convey, in Lamentation, a
broad spectrum of grief - In Lamentation, a single event provokes an intense
response - Each group within the constructed space has its own definition,
and each contributes to the rhythmic order of the composition - Figures see
from the back, represent an innovation in the development away from the
formal Italo-Byzantine style - These figures emphasize the foreground, aiding
the visual placement of the intermediate figures farther back in space - the
light falls upon the upper surfaces of the figures and passes down to dark in
their draperies, separating the volumes on from the other and pushing on to
the for, the other to the rear.
Duccio, Maest Altarpiece, 1308-11,
Siena, Italy
Siena was in a war with Florence and everyone
goes to the Cathedral and prays to Mary to help
them win the war against Florence. They won and
wanted a bigger altarpiece for Mary to tank her for
helping them win.
Wood Panel, Tempera egg yolk mixed with
pigment, can take your time, more detail, more
gem like paint
Polyptych panel painting
Base (prydella) has scenes from the infancy of
Jesus
Modeling
people prayed to Mary and not to God or Jesus
because they are the judges
It was a tough time to live in and people though
that God was punishing them
Duccio, Maest Altarpiece, back, 1308-
11, Siena, Italy
All about the last week of Jesuss life
Over 20 scenes
The front was seen by the visitors
The back was seen by the clergy
Washing of the Feet
The Last Supper
John portrayed next to Jesus, often leaning on Jesus
The trees separate the scenes in the painting
Repetition, vertical lines tie the paintings together
Jesus goes before 4 judges and all find him innocent, the last
judge washes his hands of responsibility of what happens to
Jesus next
Gold background is real gold (gold leaf)
Different pieces around the world
One piece in Kimbell Museum in Ft. Worth, TX (The Raising of
Lazarus)

Duccio, Entry into Jerusalem, Maest
Altarpiece, back, 1308-11, Siena, Italy
Flat background
Modeling
People bowed and laid cloth on
the ground for Jesus
Duccio, Betrayal of Jesus, Maest
Altarpiece, back, 1308-11, Siena, Italy
Judas betrays Jesus
Flat background
Trees separate scenes

Arnolfo Di Cambio, Cathedral of Santa
Maria del Fiore (Duomo), Florence, Italy
Submitted designs for a contest to complete the cathedral
The upper portion was done by Brunelleschi not Cambio
Cambio used a gothic style
3 types of marble used
Brunelleschi brought back parts of Roman architecture
Oculus circular opening (it means eye)
Oculi used as windows for the cathedral
The interior of the pantheon had an oculus and Brunelleschi
liked it
Buttresses
Used in the Colosseum and in the Cathedral of Santa Maria
del Fiore
Column and arch
Clearstory, window level of church
Dome, tallest in Italy until Michelangelos
Faade outside of a building
Parts of a cathedral
Narthex entrance
Nave center part
Side-aisle sides of nave
Transept sides
Apse top part
Crossing where the transept and nave meet
Bay space between columns

Brunelleschi, Church of San Lorenzo, c.
1421 -1469, Florence, Italy (On Test)
Outside faade was not finished
Inside is beautiful
Gray and white stone
Pagan form for Christian content
Round arches
Oculi
Coffering square decoration
Corinthian column
Mini-entablature on columns
Modulo
Thought that gothic was illogical and Romans used logical
numbers in architecture
Height of the arch including the entablature is half the height
of the column including the plinth
Linear perspective

Michelozzo Di Bartolommeo, Medici
Palace, begun 1446, Florence, Italy
Ground floor arches used to be
open
Rustication looks unfinished
Prototype for other buildings
maybe
Political meeting held here
Arnolfo Di Cambio, Palazzo Vecchio, c.
1290s-1310
Can see enemies, put in canons,
and be able to pour hot liquid on
enemies
Leon Battista Alberti, Church of Sant
Andrea, designed 1470, Mantua, Italy
Commissioned by Gonzaga
Alberti wrote books on Painting, on Sculpture, and on
Architecture
Argued for the rising status of the artist because they worked
with perspective and should be respected like
mathematicians and scientist
Classicism
His churches called temples
Triumphal Arch of Constantine prototype for the arches
Column arch
Pagan form for Christian content
Majestic interior
Coffering
Barrel vaults
Side chapels instead of side aisles
Side chapels work better, no one wonders off, unifies people,
keeps people focused on the mass
Donatello, Saint Mark, Or San Michele, c.
1411-16, Florence, Italy
For the guild that worked in linen
Classical
Donatello went to Rome with Brunelleschi
Contrapposto stance
Face looks realistic, based off of sculptures made with death masks
Stylized hair
Drapery knee pokes though, small bulge around belt, like how cloth
would really behave
Wet drapery how cloth would behave when wet, used for clothes to
have a more fluid and flowing look, helped to show movement and
shape beneath the clothes donned by sculptures
Like modeling
Looked at how cloth reacted to gravity
Holding a book
Standing on a cushion because the linen guild also sold cusions
All statues are now copies
Donatello, Saint George, Or San Michele,
c. 1420 Florence, Italy
Now in a museum
For the guild of Armorers and
Sword Makers because he was a
warrior saint

Donatello, Saint George and the Dragon,
relief below statue of Saint George, c. 1417,
Florence Italy
Fighting a dragon, a woman with wet
drapery in contrapposto stance and
round arches behind in background
Until Donatello, artists carved reliefs
with flat backgrounds
Donatello showed background with
trees and figures receding into space
Rilievo Schiaciato (Flattened Relief)
forms near viewer are in higher relief,
forms in the distance are in lower
relief ( varying levels of relief from
high, middle, and low for perspective)
Donatello, Feast of Herod, 1423-27,
Baptismal Font, Siena, Italy
Rilievo Schiaciato
Round arches
Roman profile
Wet drapery
Emotionalism left blank space for
you
Orthogonals appears to recede
into space, draws us in
Transversals cuts orthogonals
Linear perspective
entablature
Donatello, David, c. 1446-60, Florence,
Italy
Moved to a museum
Was in Medici palace
Nudity
Contrapposto stance
Chariot scene on Goliaths
helmet was on a previous Medici
commission
Prototype Polykleitos, Spear
Bearer (Doryphoros), c. 450-440
BCE
Donatello, Gattamelata (Cunning Cat),
1445-53, Padua, Italy
Statue of a military man
Immortalization of mortals is
recent
Condottiere mercenaries
Increasing portraiture
Prototype Marcus Aurelius c.
161-80 CE, Rome, Italy
Only equestrian statue from Rome
to make it to us
Prototype for most equestrian
statues
Lorenzo Ghiberti, Sacrifice of Isaac,
1425-52, East Doors, Baptistry, Florence,
Italy
Quatrefoil four leaf clover
shape
Flat background
All about grace


Ghiberti, Baptistry East Doors (Gates
of Paradise), 1425-52, Florence, Italy
10 Panels
All about the Old Testament
Quatrefoil gone
Rilievo Schiaciato


Gentile da Fabriano, Adoration of the
Magi, Strozzi Altarpiece, 1423, Florence,
Italy
Adoration of the magi
Expensive
Lots of gold, gold leaf in garments
Garments are fancy
Original Location: Strozzi Chapel, Santa Trinita, Florence, Italy
Current Location: Uffizi
Very detailed, lots of figures, different expression on all the
faces
Foreshortening
Flat abstract background (gold)
Modeling
Realistic detail
Predella - painting or sculpture along the frame at the bottom
of an altarpiece.
All 3 scenes, real story
Nativity scene
Fist time for the absence of the gold background, fist time cast shadows
Realistic realism
Cast shadows different from shadows in modeling
Masaccio, The Tribute Money, c.1424-27,
Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence, Italy
Fresco
Cast shadows accordance with the light from the real window
About paying taxes
Florence worried about invasion, has no army
Wants to institute a tax to pay for an army
Catasto tax
Clergy was usually tax exempt
Picture shows that God pays taxes so everyone should pay taxes, clergy
paid taxes too
First time fresco loses flat background
First time fresco uses cast shadow
Mountain in background
Atmospheric perspective forms in distance are less distinct
Realism
Atmospheric perspective in painting parallels Rilievo Schiaciato in
sculpture
Wet drapery in sculpture parallels modeling in painting
Linear perspective modeling
Masaccio, Adam and Eve, c. 1424-27,
Brancacci Chapel, Santa Maria del Carmine,
Florence, Italy
Prototype Praxiteles,
Aphrodite, c. 350 BCE
Pose
First life-size female nude
Can see the joins in fresco art,
see how many days it took, can
see the cuts and the joins, artists
try to smooth it out
Sinopie fresco underpainting
Fresco cartoon
Masaccio, Holy Trinity, c. 1424-27,
Brancacci Chapel, Santa Maria Novella,
Florence, Italy
The skeleton at the bottom and
the inscription next to it says
something like I was once like
you, and you shall one day be
like me
God in the back holding Jesus up
Saints standing next to Jesus
Commissioners painted below
saints
Fra Angelico, Annunciation, San Marco,
Florence, Italy, c. 1438-1447
Linear perspective
Round arches
Corinthian columns
Inscription As you venerate,
while passing before it, this
figure of the intact Virgin,
beware lest you omit to say a
Hail Mary.
background
Fra Filippo Lippi, Madonna and Child with
Angels, c. 1460-65, Uffizi, Florence, Italy
Private home
Small in size
Realism realistic baby, slightly
blurred background
In Uffizi
Mary is cropped, more personal
Mary is the mother of God,
intercessor, and Queen of
Heaven
Sandro Botticelli, Primavera, c. 1482, 68
x 104, Uffizi, Florence, Italy
Painted for Medici wedding
Primavera means spring
Venus in center
1480s new subject matter
Medici had great thinkers around
them
Venuss child Cupid above her head
The three graces with the portrait
of the bride
Zephyr, Chloris, Flora
Sandro Botticelli, Birth of Venus, c 1484-
86, 59 x 92, Uffizi, Florence, Italy
Very elegant
Prototype Praxiteles,
Aphrodite, c. 350 BCE
Aphrodite pose for Venus
Piero della Francesca, Federico da
Montefeltro and Battista Sforza, c. 1472-74,
Uffizi, Florence, Italy (On Test)
Surrounded by the greatest thinkers of the day
Justice of Ghent? Brought oil painting to Italy, pigment mixed with walnut oil or linseed oil
Had the map maker Columbus used to discover the Americas
More landscapes later
More exploration
Battista
Married after 14
th
birthday
Gave birth to 9 children
First 8 were girls and the 9
th
was a boy
Died 6 monthes later
Was 26
Atmospheric perspective
Realism - Artist could have idealized the people, but didnt
Battista was painted from her death mask
Man dominating nature
Reflect the humanist books of the day
Classicism
Roman coins profile pictures
First was Caesar
Emperor always in profile
Putti on panels
entablature
In Uffizi

Piero della Francesca, Federico da
Montefeltro and Battista Sforza, back, c.
1472-74, Uffizi, Florence, Italy
In chariots surrounded by their virtues
Justice, Prudence, and Fortitude
(Federico)
Faith, Charity, and Chastity (Battista)
Battistas chariot pulled by unicorns
Landscape background
Inscriptions in Latin
Battistas: She is honored by the
praise of the accomplishments of her
great husband.
Symbol of humanism
Master of Flmalle (Robert Campin),
Mrode Altarpiece, c. 1425-28, Cloisters
(Met), NYC
Triptych three pieces
2ft high, 4ft wide
Hinged side panels
Closes evenly over the center piece
Annunciation
3 characteristics of Northern Renaissance
Detail windows with the city in the background,
books, tools, can read the words in the books, other
items around in the painting, wood shavings on the
table
Realism realistic looking
Symbolism white flower (lily) Symbol of purity,
book open to prophecy of virgin birth, closed
garden, pot in back baptism, mouse trap by the
window trap the devil so he cant get in
Oil painting on panel

Jan Van Eyck, Wedding Portrait of Giovanni
Arnolfini and His Wife, 1434, National Gallery,
London
Barefoot sacred ground
Dog fidelity
Peaches on window sill represent fertility
Pose represents hoped for fertility
Saint who represents fertility
Mirror greatly detailed
Rim of the mirror tells the story of Jesus
First time a mirror was used in painting
Story of what is going on in the mirror
Can see the people in the doorway in the mirror
Witnesses for marriage
Rosary beads hanging on wall
Note on the wall says Jan van Eyck was here
Amazing realism in the reflectiveness in the chandelier
Texture
Implied texture painting is so realistic it looks like it would feel the way
it looks like the dog or the clothes

Hugo van der Goes, Portinari Altarpiece, c.
1476, SantEgidio, now in Uffizi, Florence,
Italy
Painted in Flanders
Very big over 8ft tall and 20ft across
Triptych
When closed has the annunciation
Painted to look like stone sculpture
Grisaille painting with shades of gray
Wings
Saints bigger than Portinari family (size indicates
importance)
Adoration of the shepherds
Red symbolizes blood, the blood of Jesus
Wheat can be made into bread, bread symbolizes the
body of Jesus
Faces of the shepherds look realistic
Tempera and oil on wood



Themes of Italian Renaissance Art
Classicism the ideas and styles that are common in the literature, art , and architecture of ancient Greece and Rome
Juxtaposition of pagan form with Christian content using content from pagan art for Christian art, like Nicola Pisanos Daniel
being based on Hercules or some art having people wearing roman tunics
Re-emergence of the nude when art started having nudes again, like Nicola Pisanos Daniel or Donatellos David
Increasing realism Subject matter of everyday life; art started becoming more realistic, things started looking more real,
backgrounds, perspective, people
Humanism A system of thought that centers in humans and their values, capacities, and an emphasis on education and
knowledge and exploration of individual potential
Increased portraiture More portraits done for wealthy people with the increase of humanism
Rising status of the artist They were considered to be manual laborers, but eventually were allowed to sign their work and slowly
became more respected
Importance of the Virgin Mary people were very religious and the virgin Mary is the mother of God, Queen of Heaven, and
Intercessor and people prayed to her and painted her
Perfection of perspective techniques There used to be flat backgrounds and odd perspective, but they eventually had
backgrounds with atmospheric perspective and had linear perspective
Increased portrayal of Landscape There used to be flat backgrounds, but eventually there was background showing the
landscape and sky, and more artists did this, and some used it to show man dominating nature
Artists/Architects
Nicola Pisano
Giotto
Duccio
Brunellsechi
Michelozzo
Alberti
Dontatello
Ghiberti
Gentile da Francesca
Masaccio
Fra Filippo Lippi
Botticelli
Piero della Francesca
Themes of Northern Renaissance Art
Detail
Realism
Symbolism
Northern Renaissance Artists
Master of Flemalle
Jan van Eyck
Hugo van der Goes
Biblical Events: Annunciation, Nativity,
Adoration of the Magi
Annunciation - Archangel Gabriel tells Mary she will have a baby
Nativity Jesus is born
Adoration of the Magi 3 kings visit the baby Jesus and gives gifts
3 Roles of the Virgin Mary
Mother of God
Queen of Heaven
Intercessor
Architectural Terms and Greek Orders
Parts of Church Architecture
Narthex entrance
Nave center part
Side-aisle sides of nave
Transept sides
Apse top part
Crossing where the transept and nave meet
Bay space between columns

Other Terms and Names to Review
Barrel vault a vault in the form of a half cylinder.
Clerestory - a portion of an interior rising above adjacent rooftops and having windows admitting daylight to
the interior.
Coffering square decoration
Faade outside of a building
Oculus circular opening (it means eye)
Pilaster an upright architectural member that is rectangular in plan and is structurally a pier but
architecturally treated as a column and that usually projects a third of its width or less from the wall
Plinth - a block of stone or wood that is used as the base for a pillar, statue, etc.
Rustication looks unfinished; to give a rustic appearance by roughening the surfaces and beveling the
edges of stone blocks to emphasize the joints between them
Foreshortening when an object of form is painted perpendicularly to the picture plane to give the illusion
that the object extends into space
Modeling - light and shadow to create folds

Other Terms and Names to Review
Continued
Orthogonal - a line imagine to be behind and perpendicular to the picture plane; the orthogonals in a
painting appear to recede toward a vanishing point on the horizon
Transversal - used in perspective drawing. Transversals are imagine lines that run parallel to the picture plane
and perpendicular to the orthogonals; transversals establish a fixed height or width between two orthogonal
lines
Atmospheric perspective forms in distance are less distinct
Linear perspective a type of perspective used by artists in which the relative size, shape, and position of
objects are determined by drawn or imagined lines converging at a point on the horizon.
One-point perspective - only one vanishing point exists; lines radiate outwardly from this point, and
perpendicular lines meet at this point. Type of linear perspective
Rilievo Schiaciato (Flattened Relief) forms near viewer are in higher relief, forms in the distance are in
lower relief ( varying levels of relief from high, middle, and low for perspective)
Campanile - a bell tower, especially one freestanding from the body of a church.
Duomo cathedral
Condottiere mercenaries
Contrapposto - position in which all weight is put on one leg

Other Terms and Names to Review
Continued
Drapery sculpture with cloth that looks like it acts the way cloth would really
behave
Wet drapery how cloth would behave when wet, used for clothes to have a
more fluid and flowing look, helped to show movement and shape beneath the
clothes donned by sculptures
Fresco pigments are mixed with water and painted onto freshly laid lime plaster
and becomes chemically bound to the plaster as it dries
Tempera pigments mixed with egg yolk
Patronage money and support that is given to an artist, organization, etc.
Pictorial tradition all art painted in a similar way
Polyptych panel painting, multiple panels; an altarpiece composed of four or
more sections
Triptych three pieces; an altarpiece composed of three sections

Other Terms and Names to Review
Continued
Predella - the base of an altarpiece, often decorated with small paintings or reliefs.
Quatrefoil four leaf clover shape
Sarcophagus a stone coffin, typically adorned with a sculpture or inscription and associated with
the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Rome, and Greece.
Sfumato - the technique of allowing tones and colors to shade gradually into one another,
producing softened outlines or hazy forms.
Stylization - to represent or design according to a style or stylistic pattern rather than according to
nature or tradition
Tondo - a circular painting or relief.
Triumphal arch - a monumental structure pierced by at least one lofty and typically arched
passageway and usually commemorating a notable victory, person, or event
Typology scene from old testament foreshadows a scene from the new testament
Usury - the illegal action or practice of lending money at unreasonably high rates of interest.

Other Terms and Names to Review
Continued
Arnolfini wealthy, subjects of a painting by Jan van Eyck
Brancacci wealthy, commissioned Brancacci Chapel designed by Brunelleschi
Calimala Guild - guild of wool merchants in 13th-century Florence
Lana Guild - guild of wool merchants
Colosseum in Rome
Pantheon in Rome, for all of the Roman gods and goddesses
Constantine Roman emperor who converted to Christianity
Federigo da Montefeltro and Battista Sforza - wealthy, from Urbino, subjects of a painting by
Piero della Francesca. Battista was painted from her death mask. Battista was married at 14, had
9 children, 8 girls, 1 boy, died six months after her last child was born
Gothic originated in France. Pointed arches.
Marcus Aurelius Roman emperor, has the only Roman equestrian sculpture to make it to us
Medici wealthy family in Florence, owned banks, usury, commissioned art, had great thinkers
around them

Other Terms and Names to Review
Continued
Merode family that commissioned the Mrode Altarpiece by the Master of Flemalle
Orsanmichele a church in Florence, original location of the 14 sculptures of the 14 guilds patron saints
Palazzo Vecchio Town hall in Florence Italy; Can see enemies, put in canons, and be able to pour hot liquid on enemies
Phaedra and Hippolytus - Though married to Theseus, Phaedra fell in love with Hippolytus, Theseus' son born by either Hippolyta,
queen of the Amazons, or Antiope, her sister. Euripides placed this story twice on the Athenian stage, of which one version
survives. According to some sources, Hippolytus had spurned Aphrodite to remain a steadfast and virginal devotee of Artemis, and
Aphrodite made Phaedra fall in love with him as a punishment.[1] He rejected her.
In one version, Phaedra's nurse told Hippolytus of her love, and he swore he would not reveal her as a source of information. In
revenge, Phaedra wrote Theseus a letter that claimed Hippolytus raped her. Theseus believed her and cursed Hippolytus with one
of the three curses he had received from Poseidon.[2] As a result, Hippolytus' horses were frightened by a sea monster and
dragged their rider to his death.
Alternatively, after Phaedra told Theseus that Hippolytus had raped her, Theseus killed his son and Phaedra committed suicide out
of guilt for she had not intended Hippolytus to die. Artemis later told Theseus the truth. In a third version, Phaedra simply told
Theseus this and did not kill herself; Dionysus sent a wild bull which terrified Hippolytus' horses.
Pitti palace bought by the medici family?
Polykleitos Greek sculptor in bronze made Spear Bearer (Doryphoros), c. 450-440 BCE
Portinari - family from Italy, worked as bankers for the Medici, lived for more than forty years in Bruges, had Hugo van der Goes
paint an altarpiece they brought back to Italy, now in Uffizi

Other Terms and Names to Review
Continued
Praxiteles a greek sculptor, made the first life-size female nude, Aphrodite, c. 350 BCE
Romanesque resembles Roman art and architecture, massive quality, thick walls, round arches,
sturdy piers, groin vaults, large towers and decorative arcading.
San Lorenzo church commissioned by the Medici family, designed by Brunelleschi, faade was
never completed, the inside is beautiful
SantAndrea Designed by Alberti, Commissioned by Gonzaga, side chapels instead of side aisles
Santa Trinita - a church in central Florence, Italy. Location of the Strozzi Chapel and original
location of the Strozzi Altarpiece.
Scrovegni wealthy family that made money from usury, commissioned a church, location of
Giottos fresco paintings
Strozzi wealthy family, rivals with Medici, built the Strozzi Chapel in Santa Trinita, commissioned
the Strozzi Altarpiece by Gentile da Fabriano
Uffizi - an art museum in Italy. It is located in Florence, and among the oldest and most famous art
museums of Europe.