Metamaterials

Jesus Valentn
Margie Guerrero
INME 6107 Sec: 010
Agenda
History
What are Metamaterials?
Physical Principles
Tensor Analysis
Devices and Applications
Numerical Examples (Problems)
History
Winston E. Kock developed materials that had similar
characteristics to Metamaterials in the late 1940s.
Materials, which exhibited reversed physical characteristics
were first described theoretically by Victor Veselago in 1967.
A little over 30 years later, in the year 2000, Smith et al.
reported the experimental demonstration of functioning
electromagnetic Metamaterials by horizontally stacking,
periodically, split-ring resonators and thin wire structures.
Later, a method was provided in 2002 to realize negative index
metamaterials using artificial lumped-element loaded
transmission lines in micro strip technology.

What are Metamaterials?
Despite there is not an official definition, it could be defined
as artificial materials engineered to have properties that may
not be found in nature.

Properties of Metamaterials
They are assemblies of multiple
individual elements fashioned from
conventional microscopic materials
such as metals or plastics, but the
materials are usually arranged in
periodic patterns.
Their precise shape, geometry, size,
orientation and arrangement can
affect the waves of light or sound in
an unconventional manner, creating
material properties which are
unachievable with conventional
materials.

Classification
of
Metamaterials
Resonant
Metamaterials
Left-Handed
(LHM)
Negative
Refractive
Index
Non-Resonant
Metamaterials
Anisotropic
Metamaterials
Hyperbolic
Metamaterials
Physical Principles
Considered a kind of electromagnetic materials. Most of
them divide into resonant and non-resonant metamaterials.

Resonant: Its period is approximately equal to (/10). The
oscillating currents emulate atomic resonance

Non-Resonant: There is no oscillation or scattering
present. Its period could be less than



Light-Matter Interaction
Refraction
1 1 2
2 2 1
sin
sin
v n
v n
u
u
= =
Snells law
1
2
1
sin
c
n
n
u

| |
=
|
\ .
Total Internal Reflection
Left-Handed Metamaterials (Negative
Index)
c < 0
> 0
c > 0
> 0
c < 0
< 0
c > 0
< 0
c

metals , ionic
crystals
most dielectrics
no natural
materials
negative
materials
1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1
1 2
1 2
( ) ( ) n n in i
where
i
i
c c c c
c c c

= + = + +
= +
= +
Refractive Index
Left-handed metamaterials
Tensor Analysis
There are 2 main analysis made in order to understand the
physics behind Metamaterials. The First Method is the
Lorentz Covariance, in which are analyzed in two tensors:
Electromagnetic Field Tensor (F)
Dual Electromagnetic Field Tensor (G)
The Second Method are the Maxwells Equations for
Electromagnetism
Vaccum Equations
Electromagnetic Waves
Speed of Light (c)



Tensor Analysis
Electromagnetic Field Tensor (F)


E: Electric Field, B: Magnetic Field, c:speed of light, xyz: Directions
Tensor Analysis
Dual Electromagnetic Field Tensor
E: Electric Field, B: Magnetic Field, c:speed of light, xyz: Directions
Tensor Analysis
Maxwells Equations
E: Electric Field; B: Magnetic Field; H:Magnetizing Field, D: Displacing Field; J: Current Density
Tensor Analysis
Constitutive Relations
P: Polarization Field; M: Magnetization Field; , , , , , : Tensors
Transformation Optics
In conventional optics, light travels in a straight line until it hits
the boundary between two transparent materials, at which point
it abruptly changes direction. Metamaterials can force light to
travel along a curved path.
Transformation Optics
What transformation optics seeks to achieve is to take a ray of
light and distort its trajectory in whatever way we please. We
could do this by distorting space itself using extremely massive
objects, but thanks to Einsteins insight this is not necessary.
Simply changing the refractive index will have the same effect as
far as light is concerned.
Applications
Antennas
http://spectrum.ieee.org/nanoclast/telecom/wireless/mechanical-
properties-of-nanoantennas-explored-for-first-time
http://spectrum.ieee.org/telecom/wireless/metamaterials-arrive-in-cellphones
Applications
Superlens
Applications
Cloaking Devises

Metamaterial for microwaves, "swissroll" configuration, first
camouflage experiment, microwaves

A photo of the metamaterial
cloak, Released to Reuters on
October 19, 2006,which deflects
microwave beams so they flow
around a "hidden" object inside
with little distortion, making it
appear almost as if nothing were
there at all.
Applications
Cloaking Devises
Design Algorithm
Example 1
Data: d= 10 , x= /10.
Find n and n for the given parameters in the
super lens
x= -(2*d/ln|n| )
|n| = exp(- 2*100)= 10^-273
n= -1+ n = -1
Example 2
Data: d= , x= /10.
Find n and n for the given parameters in the
super lens
x= -(2*d/ln|n| )
|n| = exp(- 2*10)= 5e-28
n= -1+ n = -1.00000..

Example 3
Data: d= /2, x= /10.
Find n and n for the given parameters in the
super lens
x= -(2*d/ln|n| )
|n| = exp(- 2*5)= 2e-14
n= 1+ n* = 1.00000000000002
* For d lower than , refraction is positive
Example 4
Data: d= /10, x= /10.
Find n and n for the given parameters in the
super lens
x= -(2*d/ln|n| )
|n| = exp(- 2)= 0.002
n= 1+ n = 1.002
* For d lower than , refraction is positive


Conclusion
Metamaterials has been in the spot only for a
few years, but their findinds and
improvements are gone beyond expectations.
Diverse futuristic applications has been
developed in the last years, with expectancies
of more discoveries in the next years.

References
Metamaterial Electromagnetic Cloak at Microwave
Frequencies, D. Schurig et al., Science 314, 977 (2006)
A Chiral Route to Negative Refraction, J. B. Pendry, Science
306, 1353 (2004)
Metamaterials and Negative Refractive Index, D. R. Smith et
al., Science 305, 788 (2004)
Metamaterials and the Control of Electromagnetic Fields , J. B.
Pendry, Optical Society of America (2007)