Semi solid preparation

Learning out comes

At the end of the session you should be able to
describe
1. define semi solid preparation
2. types of semisolid preparation
3. storage, labeling, method of preparation
Topical semi-solid dosage forms-
creams
gels
ointment
paste
They contain one or more active ingredients
dissolved or uniformly dispersed in a base.
excipients-
emulsifiers
viscosity-increasing agents
antimicrobial agents
antioxidants
stabilizing agents
base should be-
No irritate , sensitize the skin,
should not it delay wound healing.
smooth
inert
Odourless.
physically and chemically stable, and compatible
with both the skin and the active ingredient(s) to
be incorporated.
spreads and softens easily when applied.
Containers-
wide mouthed porcelain jar or glass or plastics with plastic
screw cap with impervious water proof liners.
Tubes made of metal or plastic could be used. But for methyl
salicylate or acid (such as salicylic acid ) plastic should not
used.
The material-
should not affect on quality
allow diffusion of any kind into or across the material of the
container into the preparation. should be fitted with a
closure to reduce microbial contamination.

Storage
kept in well-closed containers.with cold
condition
temperature should not exceed 25 C.

Label
for external use only with other information
Creams
Creams are homogeneous, semi-solid
preparation.
water-in-oil (w/o)
oil-in-water (o/w),
apply to the skin or certain mucous membranes
for protective, therapeutic, or prophylactic
purposes.
Hydrophobic creams (w/o)
usually anhydrous and absorb only small amounts
of water. They contain w/o emulsifying agents
(wool fat, sorbitan esters, and monoglycerides.
Hydrophilic creams (o/w)
miscible with water. They also contain o/w
emulsifying agents (fatty alcohols, polysorbates
w/o emulsifying agents. miscible with skin
secretions.
emulsifying wax is commonly used for o/w
cream .
Wool fat used for w/o cream.
Cream prepared in normal temperature and
then allow to cooled.
Method of preparation
depend on the nature of substance.
1. simple mixing Trituration method using
ointment slab.
2. fusion method- for hard using boil and cooled
water
Zinc cream
Zinc oxide 32% w/w (anti fungal)
Oleic acid 0.5% v/W
Arachis oil 32% w/w
Wool fat 8% w/w
Water to 100 ml
mft cremore mitte 30 g

Preparation
Arachis oil and wool fat mixed in using motar.
then add oleic acid and zinc oxide mixed well.
arachis oil , water and wool fat form emulsion.
Gels
homogeneous, clear, semi-solid preparations
consisting of a liquid phase within a three-
dimensional polymeric matrix with suitable
gelling agents.
applied to the skin or certain mucous
membranes for protective, therapeutic, or
prophylactic purposes.
Hydrophobic gels-
Hydrophobic gel (oleogel) bases usually consist of
liquid paraffin with polyethylene or fatty oils
gelled with colloidal silica or aluminium or zinc
soaps.
Hydrophilic gels
Hydrophilic gel (hydrogel) bases usually consist of
water, glycerol, or propylene glycol gelled with
suitable agents such as tragacanth, starch,
cellulose derivatives, carboxyvinyl polymers, and
magnesium aluminium silicates.
Ointments
homogeneous, semi-solid preparations to the
skin or mucous membranes.
Ointments are formulated using hydrophobic,
hydrophilic, or water-emulsifying bases to
provide preparations that are immiscible,
miscible, or emulsifiable with skin secretions.
They can also be derived from hydrocarbon
(fatty), absorption, water-removable, or
water-soluble bases.

1
Ophthalmic ointments are described in the separate monograph for ophthalmic
preparations.
Hydrophobic ointments
Hydrophobic (lipophilic) ointments are usually anhydrous and can absorb only
small amounts of water. Typical bases used for their formulation are water-
insoluble hydrocarbons such as hard, soft, and liquid paraffin, vegetable oil, animal
fats, waxes, synthetic glycerides, and polyalkylsiloxanes.
Water-emulsifying ointments
Water-emulsifying ointments can absorb large amounts of water. They typically
consist of a hydrophobic fatty base in which a w/o agent, such as wool fat, wool
alcohols, sorbitan esters, monoglycerides, or fatty alcohols can be incorporated to
render them hydrophilic. They may also be w/o emulsions that allow additional
quantities of aqueous solutions to be incorporated. Such ointments are used
especially when formulating aqueous liquids or solutions.
Hydrophilic ointments
Hydrophilic ointment bases are miscible with water. The bases are usually mixtures
of liquid and solid polyethylene glycols (macrogols).
Apply with or with out friction.
White soft , yellow soft paraffin usually use as
a base.
Whitfilds ointment
Salicylic acid
Benzoic acid
Pastes
Pastes are homogeneous, semi-solid preparations
containing high concentrations of insoluble
powdered substances (usually not less than 20%)
dispersed in a suitable base.
less greasy
more absorptive, and stiffer than ointment
large quantity of powdered ingredients present.
The pastes should adhere well to the skin. In
many cases they form a protective film that
controls the evaporation of water.