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) phenytoin (Dilantin
)
Malignant jaw lesions destroy the cortical plates of
bone
Gingival condition with no improvement after two
months should be biopsied
Dysplasia abnormal maturation of the epithelium
Epithelial Dysplasia
Radiology Facts
X-ray has the shortest wavelength and the
highest energy; high voltage has the same
characteristics
When milliamperage is doubled the intensity of
an x-ray beam is doubled
Kilovoltage (kVP) primarily controls contrast
and is the penetrating characteristic of an x-ray
X-ray penetration is determined by kVP on test
Focal spot size primarily influences resolution
Radiology Facts (contd)
First sign of damage from acute radiation
exposure (4 Gy) is erythema
Most radioresistant tissue is nerve and
muscle cell; most sensitive is hematopoetic
Basic shadow casting principle with the
paralleling technique does not fulfill the
physics requirement of the distance from
the object to the recording surface should
be as short as possible
Radiology Facts (contd)
The density of processed film is not affected by
overfixation but is affected by
Increase mA
Increase exposure time
Decreased object-thickness distance
Decreased target-object distance
Best imaging film for viewing internal derangement of
the TMJ (e.g., articular disc) is an MRI
Identify Normal:
Zygomatic process and base; intermaxillary suture
Lingual foramen; incisive foramen; genial tubercles
Mylohyoid ridge; nutrient canals
Inverted Y of Ennis
Maxillary sinus
Tuberosity; hyoid bone; nose shadow (ant. periapical film)
Hard palate; tori; anterior nasal spine; stylohyoid ligament
Radiology Facts (contd)
Intensifying screens are used to decrease
exposure time, reduce radiation exposure
8-bit digital image would have 256 shades of
gray
Complication of radiation treatment in children
does NOT include supernumerary teeth but
does include:
Stunted roots
Micrognathia
Condylar hyperplasia
Malocclusion
Coin tests
Used for detection of light leakage
Radiology Facts (contd)
Double the distance from the radiation source
then the radiation becomes diminished by a
factor of 4 (i.e., inverse square law)
Latent period = radiobiology time between
exposure and biologic onset of symptoms;
not cell exposure and free radical formation
Radiograph is rinsed with water to accomplish
getting rid of chemicals (not remove emulsion,
diminish silver particles, remove latent image)
Artifact
Bitewing radiograph with a curved dark line through
contact points of adjacent crowns = a break in the
emulsion from film bending
Radiology Facts (contd)
A light radiograph is NOT caused by a long
process time
An MRI is narrow frequency radiation of the
electromagnetic spectrum
The filter in a dental x-ray machine is made of
aluminum
A charged coupled device (CCD) converts x-
rays to electrical signals but does NOT result in
the same average absorbed dose as
conventional radiology (less absorbed dose)
Effective dose =comparison of the radiation
risk in humans from different radiographic
exams and doses/sources
Radiology Facts (contd)
Collimating an x-ray beam results in an
increase of the penetration of x-ray photons
Radon is the greatest source of background
radiation on earth
Basic components of an x-ray cathode ray
tube consists of a filament and a focusing
cup
To change from long scale intensity (low
contrast) to short scale intensity (high
contrast) but maintain image density, the
operator should decrease kVp and increase
mAs
Radiology Facts (contd)
Panoramic radiograph with one second of
movement by patient results in wavy inferior border
of the mandible and unsharp image vertically across
the image at that site
Major biologic damage from ionizing radiation is
primarily due to radiolysis of the water molecules
Electrons flow from cathode to anode with the
energy converted to heat
Recognize MRI and CT films
Recognize technical errors
Incorrect beam centering (cone cut)
Blurring due to patient movement
Radiology Facts (contd)
Penumbra the geometric unsharpness
with a fuzzy area surrounding the contours
of the teeth and osseous tissues
An intensifying screen is used with external
radiographs to decrease the radiation
exposure
The oil unit of an x-ray tube housing
functions to dissipate heat from the target
Penumbra