Digital Signal Processing

Digital Signal Processing uses unique type of data i.e. signal, for processing

Signals

A signal refers to any continuous function of one or more variables such as
time, space, frequency, etc. e.g.

Voltage across a resister
Velocity of a vehicle
Light intensity of an image
Temperature, pressure inside a system
Signal Processing
Signal Processing refers to the science of analyzing time-varying physical
process. There are two category of signal processing:

Analog Signal Processing
The term is used to describe a waveform that is continuous in time and can take
a continuous range of amplitude values. It will be more correct to say
continuous signal processing.

Digital Signal Processing
A digital signal, which is discrete-time-signal, is not represented by a
continuous waveform and the discrete-time signal quantities. The amplitude that
we know one amplitude value of signal at discrete instants in time.

Digital Signal Processing
Signal to be converted to a form that can be processed by a digital
System.
A/D
Converter
Digital
Signal
Processor
D/A
Converter
Analog
I/P Signal
Digital
I/P Signal
Digital
O/P Signal
Analog
O/P Signal
Benefits: Digital Signal Processing
Flexibility of the system offered by the software
component
Better control of accuracy requirements
Ease of storage and offline processing
Lower cost of processors
Compression and coding techniques are efficient to
implement
Limitations
Speed of operation of digital processors
Noise due to quantization and switching
DSP Study Related with Technical Disciplines-
Science, Engineering and Mathematics
DSP Application
DSP Technology
DSP technology is with its own mathematics, algorithms and the techniques
that are used to manipulate the signals in digital form. DSP technology is
nowadays commonplace in such devices as mobile phones, multimedia
computers, video recorders, CD players, hard disc drive controllers and
modems, and will soon replace analog circuitry in TV sets and telephones.

Telecommunication
Multiplexing
Compression
Echo Control

Audio Processing
Music
Speech generation
Speech recognition



Echo Location
Sonar
Radar
Reflection Seismology

Image Processing
Medical
-Continued
Digital Filter
Filters
Filters are signal conditioners
Filter functions by accepting an input signal, blocking
prespecified frequency components and passing the
original signal minus those components to the output.

Filter Types
Lowpass- Allows only low frequency signals to its outputs.
Highpass-Allows only high frequency signals to its
outputs.
Bandpass-Allows only output signals within its narrow,
government-authorized range of frequency spectrum.
Bandstop-Allows both low and high frequencies, but
blocks a predefined range of frequencies.
DSP Filtering Procedures
DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform)
DTFT (Discrete Time Fourier Transform)
DTFS (Discrete Time Fourier Series)
FFT (Fast Fourier Transform)

Powerful procedures for digital signal processing.
It enables us to analyze, manipulate, and synthesize signals in
ways not possible with continuous signal processing.
A mathematical procedure used to determine the harmonic, or
frequency, content of a discrete signal sequence.
DFT defined as the discrete frequency-domain sequence X(m) as:

N-1
X(m) = x(n)e
j2 nm/N

n=0

Where,
x(n) is a discrete sequence of time-domain sampled values of the continuous variable x(t).
j = -1
m= the index of the DFT output in the frequency domain. M=0,1,2,3,.,N-1
n= the time-domain index of the input samples, n=0,1,2,3,,N-1
N=the number of samples of the input sequence and the number of frequency points in o/p.
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
FFT is an algorithm for efficient computation of
DFT
Divide and conquer approach- Radix-2, Radix-4
Decimation in time/frequency
Goertzel Algorithm- DFT computed as the
output of a linear filter
Digital Filters
Takes a digital input, gives a digital output. There are two main types of
digital filters:

Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filter
FIR digital filters use only current and past input samples to obtain
a current output sample value.
Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filter
In IIR filters, some of the filters previous output samples are used
to calculate the current output sample.
Programmable DSPs (P-DSP)

The P-DSPs are specially designed for digital signal processing
application. The main components of P-DSPs are:

I) Multiplier & Multiplier Accumulator (MAC)

It requires array multiplication.The multiplication as well as
accumulating to be carried out using hardware elements by two
ways:

A dedicated MAC unit implemented in hardware which has
integrated multiplier and accumulator in a single hardware unit.
Use of multiplier and accumulator separately.
II) The Processor Architecture
There are mainly two types of architecture of microprocessor:
a) Von Neumann Architecture











Processing
Unit

Control Unit



Data and
Program
Memory
Result
Operands
Status Opcode
Data Bus
Instructions Data/Instruction
Address
In this architecture a single address bus and a single
data bus for accessing the programme as well as data
memory area.

So if MACD (MAC data) instruction is to be
executed in a machine with this architecture it requires
four clock cycles. That is due to a single address and
data bus.
b) Harvard Architecture

Processing
Unit

Control Unit

Program
Memory

Data Memory
Result/Operands
Status Opcode Address
Instructions
Address
In this architecture there are two separate buses for
the programme and data memory.

Hence the content of programme memory and data
memory can be accessed in parallel. The instruction
code can be fed from the programme memory to the
control unit while the operand is fed to the processing
unit from the data memory. The processing unit consist
of the registers and processing elements such as MAC
units, multiplier, ALU, Shifters etc.
The P-DSP follow the modified Harvard Architecture

Processing
Unit

Control Unit

Program
Memory

Data Memory
Results/Operands
Status Opcode
Address
Instructions
Address
In this architecture one set of bus is used to access a
memory that has both programme and data and another
that has data alone. Data can also be transferred from
one memory to another.

This modified Harvard Architecture is used in several
P-DSPs e.g. P-DSPs from Texas Instruments and analog
devices.
III) Memory for P-DSPs
1. Multiple Access Memory

The number of memory accesses/clock period can be
increased by using a high-speed memory that permits
more than one memory access/clock period.

e.g. The DARAM (dual access RAM) permits two
memory access/clock period. Multiple accesses may be
connected to the processing units of the P-DSPs by using
the Harvard Architecture
2) Multiported Memory
The dual port memory has two independent data and
address buses as shown in the following fig.


Dual Port
Memory
Address Bus 1 Data Bus 1

Address Bus 2 Data Bus 2

Two memory access is can be achieved in a clock period.
Multiported memory dispense with the need for storing the
programme and data in two different memory chips in order to
permit simultaneous access to both data and programme memory.
E.g. Motorola DSP561XX processor has a single ported
programme memory and a dual ported data memory.
IV) Processor Architecture Examples
i) An Overview of Motorola DSP563XX Processors
The Motorola DSP56300 family P-DSPs is deployed in a
number of applications such as wireless infrastructure, Internet
telephony, based transceiver station, Network Interface cards,
base station controllers and high speed modem banks.

The Motorola DSP56300 core is compose of:

Data ALU
Multiplier Accumulator (MAC)
Address Generation Unit (AGU)
Programme Control Unit (PCU)
On-chip peripherals
On-chip Memory
Internal Buses
Direct Memory Access (DMA)
ii) An Overview of TMS320C5X (Texas Instruments)
The TI has a large number of processors in its family this are used in
number of areas such as; toys, hard disk drives, modems, cell phones,
filters, hi-fi systems, voice mail, barcode reader, motor control, video
telephone etc.
Architecture of TMS320C5X DSPs
This processor has advanced Harvard architecture with separate
memory bus structure for programme and data. This DSP composed
of:
Bus structure
Central arithmetic logic unit (CALU)
Auxiliary Register ALU (ARAU)
Index Register (INDX)
Auxiliary Register compare Register (ARCR)
Block Move Address Register (BMAR)
Block Repeat Registers (RPTC, BRCR, PASR, PAER)
Parallel Logic Unit (PLU)
Memory-Mapped Registers
Program Controller
On-Chip Memory
On-Chip Peripherals