HISTORY OF NURSING IN

THE WORLD AND THE

PHILIPPINES

Primitive Phase of Nursing
believed that illness is caused
by evil spirits

Shaman or witch-doctors:
believed to have powers that drive
out evil spirits with the use of
amulets, magic words, etc
These witch-doctors later on
became priest physicians : built
temples for the gods and
encouraged people to worship
them

Note: Since the early years, caring for the sick has
always been associated with religion/beliefs
Period of Babylonians
Hammurabi came to power and
wrote the code of Hamurabi

Code of Hammurabi
- earliest documentation of law
governing the practice of medicine
dating to 1900 BC


- Related to sanitation and public health,
the practice of surgery , the differentiation
between the practice of human medicine
and veterinary medicine , and penalties for
violators of the code

-If a doctor cured a man, he will be
rewarded with 10 shekels of silver
-If a man died, the doctors hand will be cut
off.



Role of Egyptians
The Egyptian Goddess Isis and her son Horus
were regarded as creators of medical arts
They used the medium of dreams to minister to
the sick
Burying their dead in tombs and would require
embalming.
Anatomy and physiology.
The belief on the etiology of disease as caused
by evil spirits was eradicated
Nursing of Greco-Roman cultures
The Greek god Asklepios
( Aesculapius) Chief healer

Epigone soother

Hygeia - goddess of health and was
revered to as the embodiment of the
nurse

Romans borrowed gods from the Greeks
after conquering Greece in 200 BC

Hippocrates father or medicine ;
-philosophy of medicine
-practiced medical ethics
-rejected the belief that the origin of
diseases is supernatural in nature
-developed medicine through clinical
observation and case-studies
Nursing of African Cultures

African Cultures
nurturing functions of the nurse
included roles as a midwife, herbalist,
wet nurse, and carer for children and the
elderly

Ancient India cultures

Early Hospitals were staffed by male nurses
who were required to meet four qualifications:
1. knowledge of the manner in which drugs
should be prepared for administration
2. cleverness
3. devotedness to the patient
4. purity of mind and body
Indian women served as midwives and
nursed ill family members
Hebrew Culture

The code of Moses from the Jews
started the concept of building
houses of hospitality for the sick (the
origin of hospitals)
The Americas

From the Aztecs, bath houses were
established (temascals)
They introduced advanced art of
bandaging, amputation, suturing, blood-
letting and massage

The Chinese Culture

Charm treatments and alchemy
were practiced

Emperor Shen Nung Founder
of Chinese Medicine

The Hindu Culture

Brahmanism introduced the practice of
ancestor worship and animal reverence

Charaka known for his ethical
standards in medical practice

Susurta known for the description of
diseases, surgery and use of herbs
The Role of Religion
in the Development of
Nursing
Third and fourth century
Wealthy matrons of the Roman Empire
converted to Christianity and used their
wealth to provide houses of care and
healing for the poor, sick, and homeless.

Birth of Crusaders - composed of
brothers in arms who provided nursing
care to their sick and injured comrade
The Role of Religion in the
Development of Nursing

The Knights of Saint Lazarus
dedicated themselves to caring for
people with:

Leprosy
Syphilis
Chronic skin conditions
Middle Ages ( AD 500 1500)

Male and female ,religious ,military, and
secular orders with the primary purpose of
caring for the sick were formed
Knights of St. John(Knights of
Hospitalers)
Alexian Brotherhood ( organized in 1431)
Augustinian Sisters ( first purely nursing
order)
16
th
century
Camillus DeLellis founded a nursing order
to provide care for the poor, the sick, the
dying, and those in prison.

1633
St. Vincent de Paul in France - founded the
Sisters of Charity
Sisters of Charity sent nursing sisters to
provide care in the New World, establishing
hospitals in Canada, United states, and
Australia


The Development of Modern Nursing
Creation of the Institute of Protestant
Deaconesses at Kaiserswerth , Germany in
1836 by Theodore Fliedner

The training school for nurses at
Kaiserswerth included care of the sick in
hospitals , instruction in religious doctrine, and
ethics, and pharmacy .

the Deaconess movement eventually spread
to 4 continents including North America, North
Africa, Asia, and Australia

The Role of War

Crimean War ( 1854 1856)
The inadequacy of care given to soldiers led to a
public outcry in Great Britain

Florence Nightingale was asked by Sir Herbert of
the British War Department to recruit a contingent of
female nurses to provide care to the sick and injured
in the Crimea.

Nightingale and her nurses transformed the
military hospitals by setting up sanitation practices

Societal
Attitudes
Mid 1800

nursing was without organization ,
education, or social status

womans place was in the home and
that no respectable woman should have a
career


Martin Chuzzlewit (1896)

reflected his attitude toward nurses
through hid character:
Sairy Gamp she cared for the sick
by neglecting them, stealing from them ,
and physically abusing them

19
th
century

Guardian Angel or Angel of Mercy image
arose because of Florence Nightingale

Nightingale brought respectability to the
nursing profession

Nurses were viewed as noble,
compassionate, moral, religious, dedicated,
and self- sacrificing
Leaders of Nursing

Florence Nightingale (1820 1910)


born to a wealthy and intellectual family

received her 3 months training in
nursing in Kaiserswerth in 1847

In 1853, she studied in Paris with the
Sisters of Charity








Leaders of Nursing

Florence Nightingale (1820 1910)


In 1860, opened the Nightingale Training School for
Nurses

Aims of Nightingales School of Nursing: (1) to train
hospital nurses (2) to train nurses who are to train
others as well (3) to train district nurses for the sick
poor






Leaders of Nursing

Florence Nightingale (1820 1910)



Lady with the Lamp due to her
achievements in improving the standards for
the care of war casualties in the Crimean war
First to exert political pressure on
government Nursings First scientist - theorist
for her work Notes in Nursing: What It Is
Not(1860/1969)











Clara Barton ( 1812 1912)


a school teacher who volunteered
as a nurse during the American
Civil War
noted for her role in establishing
the American Red Cross

Lillian Wald ( 1867 1940)



Founder of Public Health Nursing

First to offer training to the poor in the New
York slums

Henry Street Settlement and Visiting Nurse
Service - provided nursing services, social
services, and organized educational and
cultural activities


Lavinia Dock ( 1858 1956)


She campaigned for legislation to allow nurses rather
than the Physicians to control their profession





Margaret Higgins Sanger


a public health nurse in Newyork

founder of Planned Parenthood

imprisoned for the opening of the First Birth
Control Information clinic in America

Mary Breckinridge ( 1881 1965)



established the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS)
1918 worked with the American Committee for
Devastated France
1925 she and other 2 nurses began the FNS in
Leslie County , Kentucky
Within this organization, she started one of the
first midwifery training schools in the United States
Nursing in the
Philippines

As men were busy fighting in wars,
women were confined in houses, doing
household chores and caring for the sick
in the home

In San Juan de Dios, upon assumption
of the Daughters of Charity (DC), a
number of practitioners were recruited
In 1876, the first graduates of
doctors or physicians of the UST
were deployed to each province
across the country (1:1)

In other towns, there were no
doctors deployed male nurses
were assigned
(practicantes de medicina)
Those who did not meet the standards of
the medicine program were given
assignments to care for the sick under the
supervision of licensed doctors

UST also opened the Escuela de Matronas
(School of Midwifery)
R.A 2498 an act to amend RA 310
regulating the practice in the Philippine
Islands of medicine, surgery and all their
branches


RA 2808 the first Nursing Law

Ms. Anastacia Giron-Tupas, the
superintendent then of PGH and Dr.
Fernando Calderon, the Director
then of PGH pioneered the
Conceptualization of RA 2808




Pioneer Nursing Schools:

Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing -1906
The Philippine Training School of Nursing -1907
St. Lukes Hospital School of Nursing 1907
Mary Johnston Hospital School of Nursing 1907
St. Pauls Hospital School of Nursing (Manila) 1908
San Juan de Dios Hospital Schools of Nursing 1913
Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing in Capiz 1913
Southern Islands Hospital School of Nursing (Cebu) 1918
Zamboanga General Hospital School of Nursing 1921
Chinese General Hospital School of Nursing- 1921
Baguio General Hospital School of Nursing-1923
Manila Sanitarium and Hospital School of Nursing -1930

The Foundation of the Filipino Nurses Association (PNA)

Founded on September 2,1922 during an organization meeting held at
the Nurses Dormitory of the PGH, presided then by Ms. Anastacia Tupas

Mrs. Rosario Montenegro-Delgado was elected as the first president

Ms. Alice Fitzgerald adviser (representative of the Rockefeller
Foundation)

It had 3 sections ( Nursing Education, Public Health Nursing and
Institutional Nursing & Private Duty Nursing

PHN section put up its first publication called Messenger which later on
called as Filipino Nurse and is now called The Philippine Journal of
Nursing the official organ of the organization

THANK
YOU!