Outline

Phospholipids
Proteins

Organelles
DNA
RNA

Bonds
Where would we find the following bonds?

Hydrogen Bonds
Ester Bonds
Peptide Bonds
Phosphate Ester
Phosphodiester Bonds
Lipids
Triglycerides
Glycerol
3 carbon alcohol

Fatty Acid Chains
Relatively neutral
Shared covalent bonds
Uncharged



Triglycerides
How are they linked together?
Ester bond
Dehydration synthesis
Water removed






Ester Linkage
An ester linkage forms when a hydroxyl reacts
with a carboxylic acid, with loss of water.


Phospholipids
Amphipathic
Charged end: phosphate head group
Hydrophilic
Neutral end: fatty acid tails
Hydrophobic


Phosphate Group
Phospholipids
Phospholipids
Diglycerides covalently bonded to phosphate
group
By an ester linkage
Diglyceride
Glycerol backbone esterified to two fatty acids


Phosphate Ester
The third oxygen on glycerol is bonded to phosphoric acid
through a phosphate ester bond ( oxygen-phosphorus double
bond oxygen)

Phospholipids
Most Stable
Phospholipid Bilayer
barrier
very thin


How do things pass in/out of cell?
Phospholipid Bilayer
Proteins
Polymers of amino acids
Amine group
N terminus
Carboxylic Acid
C terminus
R group
Different on each aa

R Groups
Peptide Bonds
Amino acids linked
Peptide bonds
Dehydration Rxn
OH on C terminus
H on N terminus
14
Primary Protein Structure
Sequence of amino acids

Secondary Protein Structure
Hydrogen bonds between NH
2
and COOH
Two common arrangements
Alpha helix
H bonds 1
st
& 4
th

Beta-pleated sheet
Zig Zag sheet of amino acids
16
Hydrogen Bonds
Alpha Helix and Pleated Sheet
Tertiary Protein Structure
3D folding
Charge interactions
R-groups
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
Functionality
Water-Soluble Proteins
Hydrophilic
residues face water/cytoplasm
Hydrophobic
fold to center of protein
Transmembrane Proteins
Hydrophilic
residues fold into ion pore
Hydrophobic
residues fold out into the region of PL tails





Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Free floating
Circular DNA
RNA
Ribosomes


Eukaryotes
Membrane-bound
compartments
Nucleus
ds DNA
Organized as
chromosomes


Nucleus
Membrane bound compartment
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Basic genetic information - tells cell what to make
Chromosomes are tightly wound bundles of DNA
Nuclear Pores
Ports for entry/exit to and from the nucleus
Nucleus
DNA and Nuclear Pores
Nuclear Pores
Molecular traffic through nuclear pore complexes:

Passive Diffusion
Small molecules are able to pass through open channels in the nuclear
pore complex by passive diffusion
Energy-Dependent
Macromolecules are transported by a selective, energy-dependent
mechanism
Chromosomal DNA
Histones
DNA wraps around Histone Proteins
Forms spool for DNA
Octamers
+ Charge
Nucleosomes
8 histones w/ DNA
Chromatin
Nucleosomes compacted into chromatin fiber



Chromosomal DNA
Histones
Histone-DNA Interactions

Helix-dipoles from alpha-helices cause a net positive charge
interacts with negatively charged phosphate groups on DNA

Hydrogen bonds between the DNA backbone
and the amide group on the main chain of histone proteins

Nonpolar interactions between the histone
and deoxyribose sugars on DNA

Salt bridges and hydrogen bonds
between side chains of basic amino acids and phosphate
oxygens on DNA


Ribosomes
Made from rRNA in the nucleus
For Protein Synthesis
Makes strings of amino acids that fold into specific shapes
Two types:
Free Ribosomes
float in cytoplasm
make cytoplasmic (free floating) proteins
Ribosomes of Endoplasmic Reticulum
attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
make transmembrane, secreted and lysosomal proteins
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
and
Golgi Apparatus
Both are sacks of plasma membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Processing/glycosylation of proteins
Glycosylation: adding sugars to help direct things
Lipid synthesis
Two portions
Rough ER: protein synthesis and packaging
Smooth ER: lipid synthesis
Golgi Apparatus
Responsible for more glycosylation of vesicles for
export/transport

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles and Lysosomes
Made of plasma membrane from ER

Carry secreted/lysosomal proteins

Exocytosis: exit cell via vesicles
Endocytosis: bringing things in within a vesicle

Lysosome: like vesicle full of hydrolytic enzymes
Breaks down other proteins
Dangerous if not in membrane
Garbage disposal of the cell
Endocytosed things can be taken here and destroyed
Lysosomes
Vesicles
Protein Transport
Mitochondria
Energy producing organelle of cell
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ADP + Pi (adenosine
diphosphate and inorganic phosphate) and ENERGY!
Result of endocytosis millions of years ago?
Looks like bacterium
Has double walled membrane
Has its own DNA
Cytoskeleton
Polymers of cytoplasmic proteins
Allow for
Cell structure
Movement
3 Different Types:
Microtubules
Intermediate Filaments
Microfilaments
Cytoskeleton
Microtubules
Polymer of tubulin
Alpha and Beta heterodimers
Alpha exposed on negative end
Beta exposed on positive end
Also has polarity and constant orientation
Allows movement in one direction within the cell!
Tubulin molecules stack one on top of the other, side to
side
13 stacks in a circle form the tube


Microtubules
Microfilaments
Used for cell structure and movement
Polymer of actin
Globular actin (G-actin)
round proteins come together to form longer polymers
Filamentous actin
long chains of G-actin
Have polarity
NOT charge, but an end where G-actin is added and
another where it is taken off
Allows for growth and movement
Microfilaments
Intermediate Filament
Kinesin
ATPase (ATP to ADP+Pi for
energy)
Moves vesicles from one end of
cell to the other
Walks along microtubules
using ATP
Feet attached to tubules
Head attached to vesicles
Only 8 nm per step, but up to
400 mm per day
That means it can take up to
500,000 steps a day!
Kinesin
Kinesin/Dynein
ATP
ATP Hydrolysis