General Chemistry

the Central Science

Brown & LeMay

Chapter One: Introduction, Matter
& Measurement
Molecular Perspective
Classifications of Matter
States, Pure Substances, Mixtures, Elements,
Compounds
Properties of Matter
Units of Measurement
SI Units, Derived Units, Uncertainty, Dimensional
Analysis
Atoms & Molecules -- basic nature of chemistry
-necessary to understand the nature of matter
art, medicine, agriculture, environment, home
Classifications of Matter
-states gas, liquid, solid (H)
-pure substance fixed composition/distinct properties
(elements or compounds)
-elements cannot be decomposed to simpler substances
-compounds combination of two or more elements
-mixture combination of two or more pure substances
(heterogeneous & homogeneous/solutions)

Gas Liquid Solid
no shape,
no volume
volume
no shape
volume &
shape
Elements
-112 elements known
-listed on periodic table with symbols (H)
-arranged in a particular order such that
closely related elements are grouped
Compounds
-two or more elements chemically combined
-law of constant composition or definite
proportions eg. water is always 11% H and 89% O
while peroxide is 6% H and 94% O
Gold Au Aurum Latin, Aurora
Goddess of dawn
Mercury Hg Hydrargyrum Greek,
hydroargyro,
water seeker
Helium He Helios Greek, sun
Beryllium Be Beryllos Greek, precious
stone beryl
Sodium Na Natrium Latin, name for
alkaline subs.
Chromium Cr Khroma Greek, color
Mixture
Physical combination of two or more pure substances
which can be physically separated into the components
Heterogeneous
-composition, properties, appearance vary
-non-uniform in appearance
Homogeneous
-uniform appearance/properties but may vary
between different samples
-a solution
Heterogeneous
Mixture
Element Compound
Can it be decomposed
Chemically?
Pure Substance Homogeneous
Mixture
(solution)
Can it be separated
Physically?
Homogeneous
Mixture
Is it uniform
throughout?
Matter
no yes
yes
no
no yes
Properties of Matter
-Physical Properties -- color, odor, density, b.pt.
-Chemical Properties -- chemical changes occur
-Intensive Properties -- do not depend upon
quantity of material present temp, m.pt., density
-Extensive Properties -- dependent upon the
quantity of material present mass, volume
Changes of Matter
-Physical -- appearance changes but not composition
-Chemical -- transformation into chemically
different substance
Observations
&
Experiments
Find Patterns,
Trends, Laws
Formulate &
Test
Hypothesis
Theory
Scientific Method
Units of Measurement
SI Units
Quantity Name Abbrev.
Mass* Kilogram kg
Length Meter m
Time Second s
Electric Curr. Ampere A
Temperature Kelvin K
Lum. Intensity Candela cd
Amount Mole mol
*quantity of matter
Selected Prefixes
Prefix Abbrev. Meaning
Mega- M 10
6

Kilo- k 10
3

Deci- d 10
-1
Centi- c 10
-2

Milli- m 10
-3

Micro- m 10
-6

Nano- n 10
-9

Pico- p 10
-12

Femto- f 10
-15

Temperature
273K 0 C 32 F
373K 100 C 212 F
Kelvin Celsius Fahrenheit
Derived Units -- combinations of other units
Volume
-SI unit for volume is m
3

-1 L = 1 dm
3

-1 mL = 1cm
3

Density
-amount of mass in a unit volume
-combination of mass and volume units
-typically g/mL for solids and liquids &
g/L for gases
Practice Exercise 1.3 (pg. 18)
15.0 g of ethanol needed, density = 0.789 g/mL, how
many mL of ethanol needed?
need a volume unit, mL, we have a mass unit, g, and a
combination unit, g/mL
15.0 g x 1 mL =
0.789 g
19.0 mL
(19.0110)
Uncertainty in Measurement
Precision vs Accuracy
-Precision -- agreement of measurements
-Accuracy -- proximity to true value
good precision poor precision good precision
good accuracy poor accuracy poor accuracy
1 2 3
2.55
2.5
1 2
3
Significant Figures
1. all non-zero digits are significant 1.2357

2. zeros between non-zero digits are significant
1.20054

3. zeros to the left of the first non-zero digit in a
number are not significant 0.0023

4. when a number ends in zeros to the right of
decimal point, the zeros are significant 1.2300

5. when a number ends in zeros which are to the
left of the decimal those zeros may or may not
be significant 2000 or 2000 or 2000 or 2000
Use in Calculations
multiplication & division
-result reported to no more total sig. digits than
the piece of data with the least number of digits


addition & subtraction
-result reported to same number of significant
decimal places as the piece of data with the
least number of significant decimal places


Use in Calculations
multiplication & division
-result reported to no more total sig. digits than
the piece of data with the least number of digits

(1.27)(2.3) = 2.921 2.9
addition & subtraction
-result reported to same number of significant
decimal places as the piece of data with the
least number of significant decimal places

1.0 + 2.15 + 3.468 = 6.618 6.6
Dimensional Analysis
1 ft = 12 in
1 ft = 12 in
1 ft 1 ft
1 = 12 in or 1 = 1 ft
1 ft 12 in
conversion factors
conversion factors convert between two
different units
Convert 56 inches to feet.
56 in x 1 ft =
12 in
4.7 ft
Practice Excersize 1.8 pg 26
Convert 500.0 mi to km
1. need a conversion factor
1 mi = 1.6093 km
2. set up to cancel mi
500.0 mi x 1.6093 km
1 mi
3. do the math, cancel the appropriate units
500.0 mi x 1.6093 km = 804.6 km
1 mi
Convert the volume of a 10 m x 10 m x 10 m room to
liters.
1000 m
3
x ? 1 dm
3
= 1 L 1 dm = 0.10 m
1000 m
3
x 1 dm x 1 dm x 1 dm = 1.0 x 10
6
dm
3

0.10 m 0.10 m 0.10 m
1 dm
3

0.0010 m
3

1.0 x 10
6
dm
3
x 1 L = 1.0 x 10
6
L
1 dm
3

Problems
If I weigh 52.3 kg, how many grams do I
weigh?
If a tennis ball is served at 140 mph, what
is its speed in m/s?
You have a 40 lb baggage limit, the scale
reads 17.97 kg. Are you over or under?
Convert 2.5 L to cm
3

Problems
Glycerol is a viscous, sweet-tasting liquid.
In an experiment, a 25.0 mL sample was
found to weigh 31.6 g. What is the
density of glycerol?(2.60)

Diethyl ether has a density of 0.713 g/mL.
What volume of diethyl ether is needed to
equal 28.0 g?(2.64)
Problems
The density of the sulfuric acid solution
of a fully charged lead storage battery is
about 1.28 g/mL. What is the mass of the
solution whose volume is 1.50 L? (2.89)

The density of red blood cells is about
1.093 g/cm
3
, somewhat higher than that
of blood plasma. What is the mass of cells
whose volume is 5.67 cm
3
?(2.88)
Problems
To identify a metal, an experimenter
placed a 32.6 g sample in a grad. cylinder.
He then poured in 25.0 mL of water,
covering the metal and bringing the liquid
level in the cyliner to 28.7 mL. What is
the density of the metal? (2.62)

You are buying carpet @ $15.00/sq. yd for
a 1500 sq. ft house. How much will it cost?
Problems
If liquid nitrogen has a boiling point of
77K, and the temperature is -300F, will it
be a solid, liquid or gas?

A 175 lb patient is to undergo surgery and
will be given an anesthetic intravenously.
The safe dosage of anesthetic is 12 mg/kg
of body weight. Determine the maximum
dose of anesthetic that should be used.