Admissions in India 2015

By:
Admission.edhole.com
Measurement of flow rate, friction Factor,
and velocity Profile in Pipe Flow
57:020 mechanics of Fluids and Transfer Processes
Experimental Laboratory #2

Admission.edhole.com
Purpose
Measure
Flow rate in a pipe (smooth)
Friction factor
Velocity profile
Specify the turbulent-flow Reynolds Number
Compare the results with benchmark data
Uncertainty analysis for:
Friction factor
Velocity profile
Admission.edhole.com
Test Design
The facility consists of:
Closed pipe network
Fan
Reservoir
Instruments used:
3 Venturi meters



Simple water Manometer
Differential Water manometer
Pitot Probe
Digital Micrometer (Accurate radial positioning)


Contraction Diameters (mm): 12.7 25.4 52.93
Flow Coefficient, K 0.915
0.937 0.935
Admission.edhole.com
Air Flow Pipe facility
Pressure
taps
Motor
controller
Floor
6

-
6

R
e
s
e
r
v
o
i
r
2.0 smooth
0.5 smooth
2.0 rough
Relief
valves
Blower
D = 2.0
D = 1.0
D = 0.5
t
t
t
36
Venturi meter gate valves
Thermometer
1 2 3 4
Valve manifold
Simple
manometer
Pitot tube
housings
Valves
Differential
manometer
Venturi meters
Admission.edhole.com
Test Design (Continue)
Reservoir:
To build up pressure and force the air to
flow downstream through any of the three
straight experiment pipes.
Digital Micrometer:
Allow the measurement of the position of the
Pitot probe at different locations along the
cross section of the pipe tested
Pitot Probe:
Located in the glass-wall box
Used to measure the Stagnation pressure
and calculate the velocity profile in pipe
Venturi meters:
Located on each pipe type
Used to measure flow rate Q along the
differential water manometer
Pressure Taps:
Located along each pipe, they are
connected to the simple water manometer to
evaluate the head measurement
They are used to calculate the friction
factor
Manometers:
To measure the head at each pressure Tap
along the pipe and to make the Pitot-tube
measurements (simple Manometer)
To measure head drops across the venturi
meters (differential Manometer)

Admission.edhole.com
Pressure tap manifold and Pitot-tube housing
Pressure tap manifold


Pitot-tube housing


Admission.edhole.com
Measurement Systems:
The equipment used in the experiment includes:
Digital thermometer with a range of 40 to 450 F and a smallest reading of
0.1 F for measurement of the environment temperature.
Digital micrometer with least significant digit 0.01 mm for positioning the
Pitot-tube inside the pipe.
Simple water manometer with a range of 2.5 ft and a least scale division of
0.001 ft for measurement of the head at each pressure tap along the pipes and
for measurement of velocities using the Pitot-tube arrangement .
Differential water manometer with a range 3 ft and a least scale division of
0.001ft for measurement of the head drop across the Venturi meters.

Admission.edhole.com
Measurement Systems (continue)
For the flow rate and friction
factor, the individual
measurement are performed
for:
Ambient air temperature (A.3)
Pipe air temperature (A.5)
Pipe pressure head
Venturi meter pressure head drop
The experimental Results are:
Manometer water density
Air density
Kinematic viscosity
Flow rate
Reynolds number
Friction factor





Data reduction equations are:
) (
o
w w
T f =
) (
o
air air
T f = ) (
o
air air
T f = v
air
w
DM t
Z g KA Q

A = 2
air
e
D
Q
R
v t
4
=
( )
j i
SM SM
air
w
Z Z
LQ
D g
f =

t
2
5 2
8
Admission.edhole.com
Measurement Systems (continue)
For the velocity profile, the individual measurement systems are for:
the ambient temperature
pipe air temperature
pitot stagnation and static pressure heads.
The experimental results are for:
manometer water density (A.3)
Air density (A.5)
Velocity profile (below)
Data reduction equation: (using the Bernoulli equation along the manometer equation)




| |
(

=
static stag
SM SM
a
w
Z r Z
g
r u ) (
2
) (

Admission.edhole.com
Flow rate, Friction factor and velocity profile
measurement systems
Block diagram of the experimental
determination of the Friction
Block diagram of the Velocity
measurement

EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS
EXPERIMENTAL ERROR SOURCES
INDIVIDUAL
MEASUREMENT
SYSTEMS
MEASUREMENT
OF INDIVIDUAL
VARIABLES
DATA REDUCTION
EQUATIONS
TEMPERATURE
WATER
TEMPERATURE
AIR
f
B , P
VENTURI
PRESSURE
PIPE
PRESSURE
f = F( , , z , Q = )
a
a
w
g D t
8LQ

Q = F( z ) A
w
w
T
T
B
T
, P
z
z
B , P
f f
SM
SM
w w
DM
SM
2
2
5
a
T
T
B
T
, P
a a
z
SM
z
z
B , P
DM
DM
z
DM
= F(T )

( )
w
= F(T )
a
z
SM
i
- z
SM
j
w
a
EXPERIMENTAL
RESULT
w
w
T
T
B
T
, P
STAGNATION
PRESSURE
STATIC
PRESSURE
EXPERIMENTAL ERROR SOURCES
INDIVIDUAL
MEASUREMENT
SYSTEMS
MEASUREMENT
OF INDIVIDUAL
VARIABLES
DATA REDUCTION
EQUATIONS
z
B , P
SM
B , P
u u
u
= F(T )

u = F( , , z , z )
2( ) g

=
TEMPERATURE
WATER
TEMPERATURE
AIR
w
a stag
a
T
T
B
T
, P
a
z
w
w
w
SM
stag
z
SM
stag
z
B , P
SM
stat
z
SM
stat
z
SM
stat
= F(T )
a
a
a SM
stag
SM
stat
z
SM
stag
- z
SM
stat
w
a
Admission.edhole.com
Data Acquisition and reduction
The procedures for data acquisition and reduction are described as follow:
1. Use the appropriate Venturi meter, (2 smooth pipe) measure the head
drop
2. Take reading for ambient air (manometer water) and pipe air
temperatures.
3. To obtain velocity data, measure in the appropriate Pitot-tube box, the
ambient head and stagnation heads across the full diameter. Measure the
stagnation heads at radial intervals. The recommended radial spacing for
one half of the diameter is 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 23, and 24 mm.
4. Maintaining the discharge, measure the head along the pipe by means of
the simple water manometer connected to the pressure taps located along
the pipe being studied (10 times for uncertainty analysis)
5. Repeat step 2
6. Execute data reduction for data analysis and uncertainty analysis using
equation above
Admission.edhole.com
Uncertainty Analysis
The data reduction equation for the friction factor is:


However here we will only consider bias limits for Z
SM i
and Z
SM j .
The total
uncertainty for the friction is:


The Bias Limit, B
f
and the precision limit, P
f
, for the result are given by:


) , , , , , , , (
j i
SM SM a w
Z Z Q L D g F f =
2 2 2
f f f
P B U + =
2 2 2 2
1
2 2 2
j
SM SMj
i
SM
i
SM
Z Z Z Z
j
i
i i f
B B B B u u u + = =

=
M
tS
P
f
f
=
Admission.edhole.com
Uncertainty Analysis (continue)
Data Reduction equation for the velocity profile is as follow:




2 2 2
u u u
P B U + =
2 2 2 2
1
2 2 2
stat
SM
stat
SM SMstagn
stagn
SM
Z Z Z Z
j
i
i i u
B B B B u u u + = =

=
M
tS
P
u
u
=
) , , , , (
static stagnation
SM SM a w
Z Z g F f =
Admission.edhole.com
Moody Chart for pipe friction with smooth
and rough walls
10 10
4
10 10 10 10
5 6 7 8 3
0.008
0.009
0.015
0.025
0.020
0.010
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.070
0.080
0.090
0.10
Reynolds Number, Re =
VD
F
r
i
c
t
i
o
n

F
a
c
t
o
r

f

=
h
f
(
L
/
D
)
V


/
(
2
g
)
2
0.00001
0.00005
0.0001
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.001
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.015
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

R
o
u
g
h
n
e
s
s
,



/
D
Laminar
Flow
Critical
Zone
Transition
Zone
L
a
m
i
n
a
r

F
l
o
w

f

=

6
4
/
R
e
/D = 0.000005
/D = 0.000001
Complete Turbulence, Hydraulically Rough
Hydraulically Smooth
k
v
k
k
Admission.edhole.com