Bearings, Seals and Gaskets

Application of Friction to
Bearings
Plain bearing subject to:
Sliding friction reduced by lubrication
When the bearing is under load:
Oil is squeezed out and wear is caused by
friction
Ball and roller bearing have much
less friction than plain bearings

Deformation

Bearing Loading
load
load
load
load
load
load
load
load
load load
Combination Thrust Radial

Types of Bearings
Plain bearings:
Shaft runs directly on the bearing
Anti-friction bearings:
Balls or rollers as part of the bearing
Function:
Decrease heat, friction and wear
Support static weight
Support radial and thrust loads
Allow tighter fit tolerances
Easier replacement

Plain Bearings
Usually confined to shafts with
limited movement or slow rotation
Can also be used where the shaft is
rotating at high speed needs
pressure lubrication:
Camshaft

Sleeve Bearings and Bushes
Sleeve bearings are plain bearings:
Sleeve pressed into hole or bore
Overhead camshaft bearings sleeve bearing fitted
into bores


Split-Sleeve Bearings
Radial Thrust Combination
The type fitted to engine crankshaft main
journals and connecting rod big ends

Rear End of a Crankshaft
Split Bearing

Plain Bearing Materials
Metallic bearing
White metals tin and lead base
High lead and standard copper lead
Phosphor-Bronze
Sintered bearings
Non-metallic bearings


Plain Bearing Materials
Nylons and Acetals
Polyurethane bushes
Polytetrafluoriethylene (PTFE) bearings
Carbon/Graphite bearings
Flexible rubber bearings
Thermoset-Fabric bearings



Plain Bearing Materials
Coefficient of
Friction (on steel)
Maximum Bearing
Pressure (Mpa)
Maximum Bearing
Temperature (
0
C)
White Metal 0.2 15 150
Bronze 0.35 40 300
Rubber 0.4 15 150
Laminated Fabric 0.3 70 100
Nylon 0.2 15 100
PTFE 0.04 8 270
Sintered Metal 0.15 60 100

Antifriction Bearings

Antifriction
Bearing
Design

Ball Bearings
Also called ballrace or annular bearing
Balls run on grooves
Cannot be dismantled
Not adjustable
Will carry radial loads and light thrust
loads
One of the most commonly used
bearings



Single-Row Ball Bearing

Double-Row Ball Bearing

Thrust Bearings

Cup and Cone Ball Bearing

Roller Bearings
Three basic types:
Straight roller bearings
Needle roller bearings
Tapered roller bearings
A number of variations

Straight or Plain Roller
Bearing

Roller Assembly

Caged Needle Rollers

Needle Thrust Bearing

Loose Needle Rollers

Tapered Roller Bearing

Special Types of Bearings
Shields and Seals
Self-aligning
bearings
Other bearings

Bearing Lubrication
Use to reduce:
Friction
Wear
Carry away heat

Bearing Lubrication

Bearing Lubrication

Bearing Lubrication

Bearing Lubrication

Lubricating Methods
Hand oiling
Regulated low-pressure
Mechanically regulated high-pressure
Circulating systems

Hand Oiling

Grease Nipples

Constant Feed Oilers

Mechanical High-Pressure

Packing Bearings

Special Tools Cleaning
and Repacking

Bearing Failure and Defects
Abrasion
Lack of lubrication
Corrosion
Faulty fitting
Faulty adjustment

Antifriction Bearing Defects

Antifriction Bearing Defects

Removing and Installing Bearings

Using a Press

Using a Pipe or Tube

Using a Hammer and Drift
Mounting Compound

Cleaning and Checking
Bearings
Wash bearing
Lubricate bearing
Turn bearing
Examine balls or
rollers and bearing
surfaces

Drying with Compressed Air
Sealed Bearings Should
NOT be Washed
If the Bearing is Not to be
Used Immediately

Bearing Adjustment
Screw Adjustment
Shim Adjustment
Bearing Preload

Activity Workbook
Questions 1.1 to 1.32

Topic 2
Seals, Gaskets and Sealants

Principles of Sealing
A seal operates by:
Deforming to suit the gap to be sealed
Providing a highly resistant path to fluid that
tries to escape
Concept of minimal seal clearance
Dynamic seal application
Seal materials/shapes

Types of Gaskets and Seals

Gaskets
Any device that maintains a barrier against transfer of
fluids across mating surfaces or a mechanical
assembly when the surfaces do not move in relation to
each other
Unserviceable
No Conformation
Serviceable
Full Conformation

Application

Gasket Construction
Plain
Layered
Bonded Asbestos
Corrugated Steel

Gasket Material
Cork and Cork composition
Special joint materials
Fibre and Nylon
Synthetic Rubber
Asbestos and Asbestos composition
Copper or Steel and Asbestos
Steel core and composition
Corrugated Steel

Handling and Storing
Gaskets
Store gaskets flat
Gasket kits
Some gaskets kits are made for more than one
model
Compare replacement with original
Some gaskets may shrink

Making a Gasket

Installing a Gaskets
Treat gasket with care
Clean surfaces
Light coating of grease
Bolts tightened gradually and evenly

Cylinder Head Gasket
Before Installing ensure cylinder
head and cylinder block are clean

Tightening Cylinder Heads

Housing Gaskets

Manifold Gaskets
Intake manifolds seal against air
leaks
Exhaust manifolds seal against hot
gas leaks
Tightened:
Gradual
In the correct sequence
Correct torque specifications

Sealants and Sealing
Compounds
Special
Grade of
Sealant

Oil Pan Gaskets

Never Reuse a Gasket

Analysing Gasket Failure
Ask the owner
Check fastener torque
Inspect the gasket:
Uneven pressure
Burning
Corrosion
Cracks
Voids
Inspect mating parts

Seals
A piece of material or a method that
prevents or decreases the flow of
fluid or air between two surfaces
The sealed surface may be stationary
or have movement between them

Duties of a Seal
Prevent lubrication leaks
Keep out dirt and foreign bodies
Keep different fluids apart
Remain flexible
Seal rough surfaces
Wear faster than more expensive
parts

O-Rings
Static Seal
Dynamic Seal

O-Rings

Speedometer Drive With
O-Ring

O-Ring Maintenance

O-Ring Back-up Ring
Application

O-Ring Failure Diagnosis

O-Ring Installation
Ensure O-ring is compatible with
fluid
Clean the entire area
Inspect O-ring grooves
Inspect shaft or spool
Lubricate the O-ring
Install
Align parts accurately

Correct Size O-Ring

Check O-Ring After
Installation
Static O-ring:
Torqued again after unit is warmed and cycled
several times
Dynamic O-ring:
Cycled through their normal pattern
Allow to assume neutral position
All dynamic rings should pass a very
small amount of fluid when rotating


Hydraulic Seals

Types of Hydraulic Seals

U and V Packings

Spring-Loaded Lip Seal

Hydraulic Seals
Cup and Flange packings
Mechanical seals
Metallic seals
Compression packing
Compression gaskets

Seal Selection
Pressure resistance?
Heat?
Wear?
Harmed by the fluid?
Fit?
Score or scratch
polished parts?
Seal Failure and
Remedies

Cased Oil Seals
Flat Seal Lip-Type Seal
Lip Seal
with Garter
Double Lip Seal

Duo-Cone Seal

Duo-Cone Seals
Toric
Rings
Metal Rings

Sealing Strips and Blocks
Side
Seal in
Place
Shaft
Seal
Groove
Side
Seal

Secondary Sealing
Oil Scroll
Oil Slinger

Cups
Secondary
Cup
Primary
Cup
Piston

Boots

Properties of Seal Material
Fluid resistance
Abrasion and extrusion resistance
Temperature range
Dynamic recovery:
Compression set
Stress relaxation
Rebound resilience

Servicing Oil Seals
If a seal is removed for whatever
reason it should be replaced
When installing a seal:
Ensure it is not damaged or distorted
Install the correct way
Lip-type seals must have the lips pointing in
the right direction

Spanner
Tool
Housin
g
Removal Metal Case Seal

Housing
Seal Tool
Hammer
Installing Metal Case Seal

Servicing Oil Seals
Protecting seals while installing
Lubricating seals before installing
Checking sealing surfaces
Checking boots
Hydraulic brake seals


Oil Filter Seals
Oil Filter
Cylinder
Block

Maintenance of Other Seals

Checking Seals for Leakage

Removing Seals

Checking Shafts and Bores

Splines and Keyways

Bore Condition

Heat Damage

Installing Seals
Genuine seals
Proper fluids
Seals and Fluids clean and free of dirt
Clean shaft or bore
Lubricate the seal
Metal cased seal lubricate outside
diameter


Installing Seals
Use factory recommended tools
No undue force on packings
Shim stock
Driven in evenly
Check unit operation before start up
Dirt and grit


Cocked Seal

Run-in Checking of New Lip
Type Seals
Break in period
Slight seepage may occur

Activity Workbook
Questions 2.1 to 2.25