CREEP

Introduction

• Creep may be defined as the slow and progressive

deformation of a material with time under a constant stress at a
temperature approximately above 0.4Tm i.e. the
recrystallisation temp of material (Tm is the melting point of the
metal).
• Creep is a function of temperature and time.

• Creep deformation is a plastic in nature and occurs even

though the acting stress is below the yield stress of material.
The rate of creep is very small but at higher temperature it
becomes very signification.
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• Certain metal such as lead and tin which have low melting
temp creep at room temperature.

• Creep behavior is important when studying the behavior of

material used in high temperature.
 Some Definitions

• Creep strength : The limiting stress below which

creep is so slow that it will not result in fracture
within any finite length of time.
• Creep rupture strength: It is the highest
stress that material can withstand for a
given time without rupture.
• Creep limit :The maximum stress that will cause
creep to occur at a rate not exceeding the
specified deformation at a given temp.
 Creep Test
• The Creep is tested for a material by subjecting the specimen
at constant tensile stress at constant temperature and
measuring the extent of strain or deformation with respect to
time
Results and discussion
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•Since creep occurs at an elevated temperature the
annealing effect occurs to the material tends
increase in strain causes the material to resist further
deformation hence there is a balance between the strain
hardening effect and the annealing effect which results is
a steady state creep.

•The constant creep rate of the secondary stage is

usually assumed to be the materials minimum rate and is
called as minimum creep rate (MCR).
Tertiary creep or accelerated
creep
• This is final stage of creep before facture. The
creep occurs rapidly because decrease in cross
section area and necking of specimen occurs, the
true stress increases rapidly.

• During this stage there is progressive damage to

intercrystalline regions by the formation of void
and severe oxidation of metal. The material is
unable to strain harden and finally fractures.

• During tertiary creep there are changes to the

microstructure, grain coarsening and
recrystallisation.
 Creep Fracture
At high temperatures grains show more strength than grain
boundaries and at low temperatures grain boundaries are
stronger than the grains. The temp at which the strength of
grains equal the grain boundaries is called equicochesive
temperature. The crack always initiate and propagates through
weak portion and hence below equicochesive temp
Creep Variables
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FATIGUE
Defination and concept

• Fatigue is the failure of material when subjected to the

repeated cyclic load. The material subjected cyclic stress
fails at a stress much below its ultimate tensile strength.

• Some structural components such as steel bridge spring

turbine blade ,connecting rod, aircraft wings and other
rotating part subjected to fluctuating stress though the
frequent stress fluctuation in the material may be very
much less than the static ultimate tensile strength the
material may fail.
• Failure by fatigue is sudden without any warning.
• Fatigue failure result in brittle fracture with
almost no deformation at the fracture region.
• Fatigue fracture is progressive, beginning as
minute cracks that grow under the action of the
fluctuing stress. The surface fractured is usually
normal to the direction of principle tensile stress.
Fatigue mechanism

• The fracture crack is nucleated from the surface

where there is stressconcentration such as cut
marks, key holes etc. When material under goes
stress cycles smooth region caused due to
rubbing on the surfaces due to cyclic stress.
• When the material fails suddenly the remaining
region that was bearing the load shows rough
granular surface. It if the material has course
grained structure then the surface will have more
roughness.
•The fracture is usually transgranular. In such
fracture the crack moves across the grain and not
along frain boundaries.
Factors affecting Fatigue life
• An Increasing in temperature above room
temperature decrease fatigue life, since at
elevated temperature there is an increase in
crack growth. Decreases in temp below room
temp cause an increase in fatigue life .

• Finer the grain size higher is the fatigue strength.