TOPIC 3:-

MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES

EP 602:- WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION

AT THE END THIS TOPIC STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO:-
3.1 Understand the Multiple Access Techniques
3.1.1 Define:
a) Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
) Ti!e Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
c) "ode Division Multiple Access ("DMA)
d) #rtho$onal Frequency Division Multiple Access (#FDMA)
3.1.% Descrie structure of Multiple Access Techniques
3.1.3 &tate the advanta$es and disadvanta$es of Multiple Access
Techniques
INTRODUCTION
Multiple Access:

Enable many mobile users to share

simultaneously radio spectrum.

Provide for the sharing of channel capacity

between a number of transmitters at diferent
locations.

Aim to share a channel between two or more

signals in such way that each signal can be
received without interference from another.
MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES
a)Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
)Ti!e Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
c)"ode Division Multiple Access ("DMA)
d)#rtho$onal Frequency Division Multiple Access
(#FDMA)
MU'T()'* A""*&& T*"+,(-U*&
a) Frequency Division u!"i#!e Access $FDA)

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) is co!!on in the first

$eneration of !oile co!!unication syste!s so called analo$ue syste!s.

The analo$ue co!!unications technique that uses a co!!on channel for

co!!unication a!on$ !ultiple users allocatin$ unique ti!e slots to different
users.

The process of dividin$ and.idth into !ultiple frequencies .hich can e

shared out a!on$ ase transceiver stations (/T&).ithin the net.or0.

A !ethod allo.in$ !ultiple carriers to share a sin$le satellite transponder or

ran$e of frequencies. The transponder and.idth is divided into su1channels2
each of .hich is allocated to a particular earth station (carrier). The earth
stations trans!it continuously and the transponder conveys several carriers
si!ultaneously at different frequencies.
ALLOCATION OF SEPARATE
CHANNELS TO FDMA SIGNALS
TIME-FREQUENCY
CHARACTERISTIC OF FDMA
%) Ti&e Division u!"i#!e Access $TDA)

Ti!e Division Multiple Access (TDMA)2 it !a0es use of the sa!e

frequency spectru! ut allo.s !ore users on the sa!e and of
frequencies y dividin$ the ti!e into 3slots4 and shares the channel
et.een users y assi$nin$ the! different ti!e slots.

TDMA is a technolo$y used in di$ital cellular telephone

co!!unication that divides each cellular channel into three ti!e
slots in order to increase the a!ount of data that can e carried.

(n TDMA2 the availale spectru! is divided in ti!e into Ti!e &lots.

*ach suscrier requirin$ resources is allocated a unit of ti!e (ti!e
slot) durin$ .hich they can trans!it or receive data.

The TDMA syste! is used in !any second $eneration (%5) syste!s

such as 5&M and TDMA6D1AM)&.
ALLOCATION OF TIME SLOT IN
TDMA
TIME-FREQUENCY
CHARACTERISTIC OF
SYNCHRONOUS TDMA
c) Co'e Division u!"i#!e Access $CDA)

"DMA is a di$ital technique for sharin$ the frequency spectru!. (t is

a spread spectru! technolo$y that e!ploys codes to separate users
in the sa!e frequency spectru!.

(n "DMA2 all suscriers share the sa!e frequency at the sa!e ti!e
.ithin a cell2 so there is a need to distin$uish et.een the different
calls or sessions.
CDMA
') Or"(o)ona! Frequency Division u!"i#!e Access
$OFDA)

#rtho$onal Frequency Division Multiple7in$ (#FDM) is a

technique for trans!ittin$ lar$e a!ounts of di$ital data over a
radio .ave.

#rtho$onal frequency division !ultiple7in$ (#FDM) is a !ulti1

carrier trans!ission technique2 .hich divides the availale
spectru! into !any sucarriers2 each one ein$ !odulated y a
lo. data rate strea!.

The technolo$y .or0s y splittin$ the radio si$nal into !ultiple

s!aller su1si$nals that are then trans!itted si!ultaneously at
different frequencies to the receiver.

#FDM is a roadand !ulticarrier !odulation !ethod that offers

superior perfor!ance and enefits over older2 !ore traditional
sin$le1carrier !odulation !ethods ecause it is a etter fit .ith
today8s hi$h1speed data require!ents and operation in the U+F
and !icro.ave spectru!.
OFDMA :
COMPARISON OF MULTIPLE ACCESS
TECHNIQUES:
COMPARISON OF MULTIPLE ACCESS
TECHNIQUES:
EXERCISE :

Defne the following Multiple Access Techniques:

1.FDMA
2.TDMA
3.CDMA
4.OFDMA
3.1.% Descrie structure of Multiple Access Technique

The availale spectru! in FDMA is divided into physical

channels
of equal and.idth as Fi$ure elo.:1
Frequency Division Multiple Access

A) F*E+UENC, DI-ISION ULTIPLE ACCESS $FDA)
39 :+;
39 :+;
39 :+;
39 :+;
39 :+;
39 :+;
39 :+;
39 :+;
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
FDA . Frequency Division u!"i#!e Access

#ne physical channel is allocated per suscrier.

(n pure FDMA syste!s2 different speech6data6si$nalin$ (per

suscrier) trans!issions !ay e trans!itted at the sa!e ti!e on
different frequencies.

The physical channel allocated to the suscrier is used durin$ the

entire duration of the call and is unavailale for other suscriers
durin$ that ti!e.

The physical channel is released at the end of the call and is then
availale for the ne7t suscrier.

(n su!!ary2 in FDMA2 narro. and.idth is used for continuous

trans!ission and reception2 there is ortho$onality in frequency .ithin
the cell2 and no synchroni;ation in ti!e is needed.
Ti!e Division Multiple Access
B) TIE DI-ISION ULTIPLE ACCESS $TDA)
Ti&e Division u!"i#!e Access
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Ti!e
%99 :+;
%99 :+;
%99 :+;
%99 :+;
#ne ti!eslot < 9.=>> !s #ne TDMA fra!e < ? ti!eslots

TDMA syste!s !ust carefully synchroni;e the trans!ission ti!es

of all the users to ensure that they are received in the correct ti!e
slot and do not cause interference.

&ince this cannot e perfectly controlled in a !oile environ!ent2

each ti!e slot !ust have a $uard1ti!e2 .hich reduces the
proaility that users .ill interfere2 ut decreases the spectral
efficiency.
") CODE DI-ISION ULTIPLE ACCESS $CDA)
"ode Division Multiple Access

(n "DMA each user is assi$ned a unique code sequence

(spreadin$ code)2 .hich it uses to encode its data si$nal.

The receiver2 0no.in$ the code sequence of the user2 decodes the
received si$nal and recovers the ori$inal data.

The and.idth of the coded data si$nal is chosen to e !uch

lar$er than the and.idth of the ori$inal data si$nal2 that is2 the
encodin$ process enlar$es (spreads) the spectru! of the data
si$nal.

"DMA is ased on spread1spectru! !odulation.

(f !ultiple users trans!it a spread1spectru! si$nal at the sa!e

ti!e2 the receiver .ill still e ale to distin$uish et.een users2
provided that each user has a unique code that has a sufficiently
lo. cross1correlation .ith the other codes.

#FDM can e vie.ed as either a !odulation technique or a

!ultiple7 technique.
1. Modulation technique

@ie.ed y the relation et.een input and output si$nals

%. Multiple7 technique

@ie.ed y the output si$nal .hich is the linear su! of the

!odulated si$nals
22afewtw
Input Signal
O FD M System
O utput Signal
S/P

D) O*THO/ONAL F*E+UENC, DI-ISION ULTIPLE

ACCESS $OFD)
D) O*THO/ONAL F*E+UENC, DI-ISION ULTIPLE ACCESS
$OFD)
A'van"a)es o0 u!"i#!e Access Tec(niques:-
A'van"a)es o0 FDA
1. &i!plest
%. /est suited for analo$ lin0s
3. *ach station has its o.n frequency and2 separated y $uard
ands
A. Beceivers tune to the ri$ht frequency
=. "ost1effective technolo$y for up$radin$ a current analo$ syste!
to di$ital
C. ,u!er of frequencies is li!ited
D reduce trans!itter po.erE reuse frequencies in non1adFacent
cells
D e7a!ple: voice channel < 39 :+;
D ?33 channels in %= M+; and
D .ith he7a$onal cells2 partition into 11? channels each
D ut .ith , cells in a city2 can $et 11?, calls <G .in if , G >
Disa'van"a)es o0 FDA
1. User FDMA has a predefined ti!e slot. That !eans2 users roa!in$
fro! one cell to another are not allotted a ti!e slot.
%. Multipath distortion D A si$nal co!in$ fro! a to.er to a handset
!i$ht co!e fro! any one of several directions. The si$nal have
ounced off several different uildin$ efore arrivin$ .hich can
cause interference.
A'van"a)es o0 TDA
1. TDMA can easily adapt to trans!ission of data as .ell as voice
co!!unication.
%. TDMA provides users .ith an e7tended attery life2 since it trans!its
only portion of the ti!e durin$ conversations.
3. Users can e $iven different a!ounts of and.idth
A. Moiles can use idle ti!es to deter!ine est ase station
=. "an s.itch off po.er .hen not trans!ittin$

Disa'van"a)es o0 TDA
1. Users has a predefined ti!e slot. Hhen !ovin$ fro! one cell site to
other2 if all the ti!e slots in this cell are full the user !i$ht e
disconnected.
%. TDMA is suFected to !ultipath distortion. To overco!e this
distortion2 a ti!e li!it can e used on the syste!. #nce the ti!e li!it
is e7pired2 the si$nal is i$nored.
3. &ynchroni;ation overhead
A. 5reater prole!s .ith !ultipath interference on .ireless lin0s
A'van"a)es o0 CDA
1. Users separated oth y ti!e and frequency
%. &end at a different frequency at each ti!e slot (frequency
hopping) or2 convert a sin$le it to a code (direct sequence)
3. Beceiver can decipher it y inverse process.
Disa'van"a)es o0 CDA
1. (!!une fro! narro.and noise
%. ,o need for all stations to synchroni;e
3. ,o hard li!it on capacity of a cell
A. All cells can use all frequencies
=. (!ple!entation co!ple7ity
C. ,eed for po.er control

to avoid capture
>. ,eed for a lar$e conti$uous frequency and (for direct sequence)
A'van"a)es o0 OFDA
12 Multi1user Diversity

roadand si$nals e7perience frequency selective fadin$

#FDMA allo.s different users to trans!it over different portions of

the roadand spectru! (traffic channel)

Different users perceive different channel qualities2 a deep faded

channel for one user !ay still e favorale to others
Multi1user Diversity
%. *fficient use of &pectru!
3. Very easy and efcient in dealing with multi-path
4. Robust again narrow-band interference
=. Bit Error Rate performance is better only in Fading environment
Disa'van"a)es o0 OFD
1. &ynchroni;ation

Ti$ht &ynchroni;ation et.een users are required for FFT in

receiver

)ilot si$nals are used for synchroni;ations

%. "o1channel interference

Dealin$ .ith this is !ore co!ple7 in #FDM than in "DMA

Dyna!ic channel allocation .ith advanced coordination a!on$

adFacent ase stations.
3. &ensitive to frequency offset and phase noise
A. )ea01to1avera$e prole! reduces the po.er efficiency of BF
a!plifier at the trans!itter
AT THE END THIS TOPIC STUDENT SHOULD BE
ABLE TO:-
3.% Difference et.een Multiple Access Techniques.
3.%.1 "o!pare et.een TDMA2FDMA2"DMA and
#FDMA
3.%.3 Belate et.een TDMA2FDMA2"DMA and
#FDMA .ith respect to .ireless co!!unication
standard.
3.%.1 "o!pare et.een TDMA2FDMA2"DMA and #FDMA
TDA

Ti!e division !ultiple access (TDMA) is a channel access !ethod for

shared !ediu! (usually radio) net.or0s. (t allo.s several users to
share the sa!e frequency channel y dividin$ the si$nal into different
ti!eslots. The users trans!it in rapid succession2 one after the other2
each usin$ his o.n ti!eslot. This allo.s !ultiple stations to share the
sa!e trans!ission !ediu! (e.$. radio frequency channel) .hile usin$
only the part of its and.idth they require.

TDMA is used in the di$ital %5 cellular syste!s such as 5loal

&yste! for Moile "o!!unications (5&M)2 (&113C2 )ersonal Di$ital
"ellular ()D") and iD*,2 and in the Di$ital *nhanced "ordless
Teleco!!unications (D*"T) standard for portale phones. (t is also
used e7tensively in satellite syste!s2 and co!at1net radio syste!s.

TDMA is a type of Ti!e1division !ultiple7in$2 .ith the special point

that instead of havin$ one trans!itter connected to one receiver2 there
are !ultiple trans!itters. (n the case of the uplin0 fro! a !oile phone
to a ase station this eco!es particularly difficult ecause the !oile
phone can !ove around and vary the ti!in$ advance required to
!a0e its trans!ission !atch the $ap in trans!ission fro! its peers
FDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access or FDMA is an access

technolo$y that is used y radio syste!s to share the radio
spectru!. The ter!inolo$y 3!ultiple access4 i!plies the sharin$ of
the resource a!on$st users2 and the 3frequency division4 descries
ho. the sharin$ is done: y allocatin$ users .ith different carrier
frequencies of the radio spectru!.

This technique relies upon sharin$ of the availale radio spectru! y

the co!!unications si$nals that !ust pass throu$h that spectru!.
The ter!inolo$y 3!ultiple access4 indicates ho. the radio spectru!
resource is intended to e used: y enalin$ !ore than one
co!!unications si$nal to pass .ithin a particular andE and the
3frequency division4 indicates ho. the sharin$ is acco!plished: y
allocatin$ individual frequencies for each co!!unications si$nal
.ithin the and.

(n an FDMA sche!e2 the $iven Badio Frequency (BF) and.idth is

divided into adFacent frequency se$!ents. *ach se$!ent is provided
.ith and.idth to enale an associated co!!unications si$nal to
pass throu$h a trans!ission environ!ent .ith an acceptale level of
interference fro! co!!unications si$nals in adFacent frequency
se$!ents
CDA

"ode division !ultiple access ("DMA) is a for! of !ultiple7in$ and

a !ethod of !ultiple access that divides up a radio channel not y
ti!e (as in ti!e division !ultiple access)2 nor y frequency (as in
frequency1division !ultiple access)2 ut instead y usin$ different
pseudo1rando! code sequences for each user. "DMA is a for! of
Ispread1spectru!I si$nalin$2 since the !odulated coded si$nal has
a !uch hi$her and.idth than the data ein$ co!!unicated.

"DMA has een used in !any co!!unications and navi$ation

syste!s2 includin$ the 5loal )ositionin$ &yste! and in the
#!niTBA"& satellite syste! for transportation lo$istics
#FDM

Most roadand syste!s are suFect to !ultipath

trans!ission.

"onventional solution to !ultipath is an equali;er in the

receiver
J
hi$h data rates D equali;ers too co!plicated

&i!ple .ay of dealin$ .ith !ultipath

J
relatively si!ple D&) al$orith!s
#rtho$onal Frequency Division Multiple Access (#FDMA)