Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
MICROFSICA DA PRECIPITAO
Capitulo 9 Parametrizao da Microfsica de Nuvens e
Modelagem Numrica
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Contedo
Objetivos
Introduo microestrutura de nuvens e da precipitao
Equilbrio de fases
Potencial qumico do vapor de gua no ar mido
Calor latente da mudana de fase
A equao de Clausius-Clapeyron
A variao da energia livre de Gibbs no processo de nucleao homognea
Aerossol atmosfrico
A variao da energia livre de Helmholtz no processo de nucleao heterognea
O equilbrio entre gotas de soluo aquosa e o ar mido
A nucleao por ons
O processo de difuso de vapor no crescimento e na evaporao de gotculas
O crescimento de uma populao de gotculas em nuvens quentes
A interao dinmica entre as gotculas O processo de coliso e coalescncia
O crescimento de gotas na corrente ascendente
A formao de gelo na atmosfera
O crescimento de cristais de gelo por difuso de vapor
O desenvolvimento da precipitao na fase gelo
Composio qumica de hidrometeoros
Microfsica da carga e da eletricidade atmosfrica
Parametrizao da Microfsica de Nuvens e Modelagem Numrica
O sensoriamento remoto da precipitao
O espectro de tamanho de gotas
A taxa de precipitao e os parmetros integrais e suas variabilidades
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Modelagem numrica de
microfsica de nuvens no ARPS
(Advanced Regional Prediction System)
Introduo
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Referncias bsicas
ARPS Users Guide em:
ftp://ftp.caps.ou.edu/pub/ARPS/ARPS.docs/ARPS40DOC.PDF
Lin et al. (1983), Bulk Parameterization of the Snow Field in a Cloud
Model, Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, Volume 22, 10651092.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Introduo
ARPS
Modelo de rea limitada
Equaes primitivas
No-hidrosttico
Totalmente compressvel
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
x , y , z , t z x , y , z , t
p x , y , z , t p z p x , y , z , t
x , y , z , t z x , y , z , t
q x, y , z , t q z q x, y , z , t
v
qli x , y , z , t qli x , y , z , t
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
u x, y , z , t
v x, y , z , t
w x , y , z , t
x , y , z , t
p x , y , z , t
q x , y , z , t
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Equaes de conservao
Momento
Massa
Energia Termodinmica
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Equao da conservao
da energia trmica
u v w w D S
t
z
z
x y
onde
D termos de mistura
e
S fontes/sorvedouros
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
u q v q w q
q
t
onde
Dq termos de mistura,
Sq termos fonte/sorvedouro
Vq q
Dq S q
z
Fallout term
e
Vq velocidade terminal dos hidrometeoros em queda
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Rd T
qv
qv
1 q q
v
lquido gelo
onde
qlquido+gelo contedo total de gua lquida e gelo
e
Rd Rv 0.622
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Componente zonal
u
u
u
u u v w
t
y
z
x
p DIV
p DIV f v f w Dv
z
x
Componente meridional
v
v
v
v u v w
t
y
z
x
p DIV
p DIV f u Dv
z
y
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
w u v w
t
y
z
x
p DIV B f u Dw
z
qv qlquido gelo
qv
B g
g
1 qv
c S2 qv
c S Rd T
Cp
Cv
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Parametrizao de Nuvens
Quentes
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
REVAP
Aplica a evaporao de
gua de chuva para as
equaes de qv, qr e .
MICROPH
QRFALL
Aplica a parametrizao
de chuva quente para os
campos de vapor dgua,
gua lquida e
temperatura
SATADJ
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
N D N 0 exp D
onde
D dimetro das partculas e N(D) o nmero de partculas
de dimetro entre D e D + D na unidade de volume do
espao;
N0 parmetro de intercepo;
e
x N0
0.25
qx
a inclinao da distribuio
de tamanho das partculas.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
CONCENTRAO (N cm -3)
Distribuio Exponencial
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
DIMETRO ( m)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
c 1
D
1
exp
Dn
Dn
onde:
mg subscrito que indica modified gamma;
c e parmetros de forma da funo;
D dimetro da partcula
Dn dimetro de escala (scaling diameter)
Quando c = = 1 () = 1 e
D
1
f mg D
exp
Dn
D
n
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
40
-3
CONCENTRAO(cm )
30
20
10
0
-10
20
40
DIMETRO ( m)
60
Exponencial
Gama 2
Gama 3
Gama 5
Gama 7
Gama 9
Gama 11
Gama 13
Gama 15
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Ar C ar qc qccrit
onde
Ar a taxa de autoconverso (kg kg-1 s-1)
qc razo de mistura de gua de nuvem kg kg-1
qc crit = 1 x 10-3 kg kg-1 o limite crtico da razo de
mistura da gua de nuvem
C = 1 x 10 s a constante de autoconverso
-3 -1
ar
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
0.1364
0.5
onde
Vr a velocidade terminal da gota de chuva (m s-1)
qr razo de mistura de gua de chuva kg kg-1
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
C 1 qv qvs q r
1
Er
2.030 x10 4 9.584 x10 6 / qvs p
0.525
onde
p presso (Pa)
densidade do ar no estado bsico (kg m-3)
e
C 1.6 30.3922 q r
0.2046
o coeficiente de
ventilao
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
380
T
273
.
16
exp a w
p
T
b
w
onde
a w 17.27
e
a w 21.875
e bw 7.5
para T 273.16 K
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
2006
Esquema de ajustamento de saturao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
qvs
1
qvs
*
qv
*
qvs
bw
*
a w 273 .15 bw qvs
Lv C p
1
Departamento
de Cincias Atmosfricas IAG-USP
massambani@usp.br
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
qvs
onde
definido como:
Lv
Lv 2.500.780, 0 273.15 T
C p
onde
p p0
Rd C p
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
n 1
* n 1
qvs 2 t E r
*n 1
qr
2 t Ar C r E r
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Modelagem numrica de
microfsica de nuvens no
Advanced Regional
Prediction System (ARPS)
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
ICECVT*
Calcula os termos de
converso entre o vapor
dgua e as substncias gua
lquida e gua de gelo e ajusta
apropriadamente os campos
QHFALL
Calcula as taxas de
crescimento de gua de chuva,
neve e granizo e aplica os
termos de precipitao nas
respectivas equaes
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
u q v q w q
q
t
onde
Dq termos de mistura,
Sq termos fonte/sorvedouro
Vq q
D S
q
q
z
e
Vq velocidade terminal dos hidrometeoros em queda
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
S qc c ec Tqc Dqc
S qr er m f Tqr Dqr
S qi d i si Tqi Dqi
S qs d s s s m s f s Tqs Dqs
S qg d g s g m g f g Tqg Dqg
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
onde:
m ms m g
f fs fg
c taxa de condensao
e taxa de evaporao de gotculas
f taxa de congelamento (freezing) de gotas de chuva
m taxa de derretimento de neve e granizo
d taxa de deposio sobre partculas de gelo
s taxa de sublimao de partculas de gelo
Dqc, Dqr, Dqi, Dqs e Dqh so termos de difuso subgrade para qc, qr,
qi, qs e qg respectivamente. Tqc, Tqr, Tqi, Tqs e Tqh so as taxas de
transferncia microfsicas entre as espcies de hidrometeoros
___________________________________________________________________________________________
e sua soma zero.
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Processos de
microfsica de
nuvens
considerados no
esquema de
parametrizao de
microfsica de gelo
(aps Lin et al., 1983)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Tabela I:
Definio dos
smbolos
usados na
parametrizao
de microfsica
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Continuao da Tabela I
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Definies
Pgacs D gacs W
1 IAG-USP
gacs deP
gaut Atmosfricas
2 Pracs
Departamento
Cincias
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
massambani@usp.br
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
onde
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
n R D n0 R exp R D R
n S D n0 S exp S DS
onde
nG D n0 G exp G DG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
rspectivamente.
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
0.25
R n0 R
qR
onde
0.25
S n0 S
qS
0.25
G n0 G
qG
Parmetros de inclinao X
X so as respectivas
densidades das espcies de
gua, a densidade do ar e
qX as respectivas razes de
mistura de cada espcie. (x =
R, S ou G)
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
U DR aD R
onde
12
a = 2115 cm1-b e b =0.8 (Liu and
U DS cDSd 0
Orville , 1969);
c = 152.93 cm1-d e d = 0.25
12
(Locatelli and Hobbs, 1974);
4 g G
12
U DG
D
CD = 0.6 (Wisner et al., 1972).
G
3C D
Nota: O fator de raiz quadrada envolvendo densidades permite o
aumento das velocidades com o aumento da altitude, similar ao
considerado em Foote and Toit (1969).
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Vapor dgua
Exemplo de
apicao:
Pint, Pdepi
Cristais de gelo
Psaut, Psaci, Praci, Psfi
Neve
Pgaut, Pgacs, Pracs
Granizo
Precipitao no cho
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Psaut 1 qi qi 0
onde qi0 uma quantidade limtrofe a partir da qual h ocorrncia da
agregao de cristais de gelo. (qi0 = 10-3 g g-1)
1 10 3 exp 0.025 T T0
(s-1) e T0 = 273.16 K
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Psaci
E SI n0 S cqi 3 d 0
4 3S d
12
E SI exp 0.025 T T0
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Praci
E RI n0 R aqi 3 b 0
4 3Rb
12
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
NOTA:
Nesta parametrizao permite-se a coexistncia de
gua de nuvem e cristais de gelo entre as
temperaturas de 0 e -40 oC.
Psfi a taxa de produo para os processos de
Bergeron usado no clculo da taxa de transferncia
de cristais de gelo para neve por deposio e
riming:
Psfi qi t1
onde t1 a escala de tempo, dependente da temperatura. Maiores
detalhes so encontrados em Hsie et al. (1980).
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Pgaut 2 q s q s 0
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Pracs E SR n0 R n0 S
0.5
5 2 4 3
6
S R S R S R
5
S
U R U S
Microfsica da Precipitao
2006
Interao entre flocos de neve e granizo
Taxa de acreso de neve por granizo:
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Pgacs
S
EGS n0 S n0 G U G U S
5
2
0.5
5 2 4 3
6
S G S G S G
EGS
exp 0.09 T T0 T T0
1.0
T T0
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Modelagem numrica de
microfsica de nuvens no
Advanced Regional
Prediction System (ARPS)
Exemplos de Simulaes
Numricas
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2006
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular