Key Considerations For LTE Deployment: Optus LTE Workshop Series Session 1 17 September, 2009

Key considerations for LTE
deployment

Optus LTE Workshop Series Session 1
17
th
September, 2009

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 2 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
Agenda
1. End to End network considerations
2. Core
3. Radio
4. Next steps and proposed workshops
End to End network considerations
1
The Wireless Network Transformation

LTE+EPC
IP channel
CDMA / EVDO
GSM / GPRS
EDGE
UMTS
HSPA
IP channel
Packet Switched
Core
PSTN
Other
mobile
networks
VPN
Internet
Voice
Channels
GGSN
HA
SGSN
PDSN
MGW
MSC
BSC
RNC
Circuit Switched
Core (Voice)
BTS
Node B
Softswitch
GMSC
2G/3G
HSI only
Triple Play Bundle
Web 2.0
Evolved Packet Core
(wireless)
MME PCRF
Cell Site
Access
IP/MPLS
Carrier Transport
PGW SGW
eNode B
New, all-IP mobile core network introduced with LTE
End-to-end IP
Clear delineation of control plane and data plane
Simplified architecture: flat-IP architecture with a single core
Evolved Packet Core = IP transformation for LTE
Cell Site
Access
TDM and ATM
aggregation
META (backhaul and backbone)
Base
Station
The HLN Platform, Converged, Scalable, All-IP
MME PCRF
Service Edge
(wireline)
Evolved Packet Core
(wireless)
PGW
IP / MPLS
Network and
Service Manager
SGW
Converged
Aggregation
IP/MPLS
Backbone
Converged Edge
IP DSLAM
Converged
IMS
SDE
Converged Backbone
IP/MPLS
Backbone
Policy
Manager
Converged
Dynamic
Services
Controller
MME
GPON
EPC
Converged Backbone
Cell Site
Access
MSE
BNG
IP / Optical
IMS
SDE
NGN
Ethernet/MPLS
Carrier Transport
IP/MPLS
Carrier Transport
Service Router
Service Router

Alcatel-Lucent Strategy
Evolved Packet Core
2
Evolved Packet Core (EPC): A new all-IP mobile core for LTE
New IP-based mobile core network introduced with LTE
End-to-end IP
Clear delineation of control plane & data plane
Simplified architecture: Flat-IP architecture with a single core
What is EPC ?
LTE+EPC
Evolved Packet Core = end-to-end IP transformation of mobile core
eNode B
IP channel
PDN GW SGW
MME PCRF
CDMA / EVDO
GSM / GPRS
EDGE
UMTS
HSPA
Evolved Packet Core
IP channel
Packet Switched
Core
PSTN
Other
mobile
networks
VPN
Internet
Voice
Channels
GGSN SGSN
MGW
MSC
BSC / RNC
Circuit Switched
Core (Voice)
BTS
Node B
Softswitch
GMSC
2G/3G
EPC: More than just mobile core
What is new?
EPC for LTE
eNode B
IP channel
PDN GW SGW
MME PCRF
Evolved Packet Core
The EPC is a multi-access core network based on the Internet Protocol (IP) that enables operators to
deploy and operate one common packet core network for 3GPP radio access (LTE, 3G, and 2G), non-
3GPP radio access (HRPD, WLAN, and WiMAX), and fixed access (Ethernet, DSL, cable, and fiber).

The EPC is defined around the three important paradigms of mobility, policy management, and security.

Source: IEEE Communications Magazine V47 N2 February 2009

And more
Serving Gateway
Serving a large number of eNodeBs, focus on scalability and security
Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway
IP management (IP anchor), connection to external data networks; focus on
highly scalable data connectivity and QoS enforcement
Mobility Management Element (MME)
Control-plane element, responsible for high volume mobility management
and connection management (thousands of eNodeBs)
Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)
Network-wide control of flows: detection, gating, QoS and flow-based
charging, authorizes network-wide use of QoS resources (manages millions on
service data flows)

Flat IP = less hierarchy means lower latency
eNode B
Node B
BTS
data plane
control plane
data plane
control plane
SGSN
PDSN
RNC
BSC
GGSN
HA
SGSN
PDSN
RNC
BSC
GGSN
HA
GSM
UMTS
CDMA
LTE
MME S/P GW
PGW SGW
Unleashing data and control plane in LTE
eNode B
SGW PDN GW
MME PCRF
data plane
control plane
3GPP core
3GPP2 core
Web 2.0+
Data plane:
High aggregate throughput (over 100 Gbps)
for high bandwidth on-demand services
Per-subscriber, per-application, per-session
QoS/policy enforcement
Control plane:
Highly scalable, secure dynamic mobility and
connection management
Network-wide, real-time policy control
High performance, reliable, scalable
and secure service-aware IP routers
for EPC gateways
High performance, reliable, scalable
in-house ATCA-based platforms for
EPC control-plane elements
All-IP, simplified network architecture
Requirement
GGSN SGSN S/PGW
1 million + subscribers
Per subscriber and
application policy control
IP (HSI) data service
VoIP and Multi-media
service
10s+ Kbps sustained BW
per subscriber
Mbps peak BW per
subscriber
100+ Gbps aggregate
throughput
Support for large signaling
volume
Large volume mobility
control
Non-stop services support
More advanced user plane
features required
Current xGSNs
do not meet requirements
Interaction with PCRF to
support different charging
models
Support for packet filtering
Lawful Intercept
Insufficient capacity
Lack of fine-grain QoS ability
Limited high availability
Todays 3G packet core will support
short-term evolution, but not optimized
for large scale LTE requirements
MME
MME
Alcatel-Lucent EPC Mobile Gateway
Leveraging leading Service Routing technology
7750 SR: broadly deployed, full-
featured Service Routing platform
Field-proven as fixed edge/core in with
99.999+% availability with non-stop services
Full set of IPv4/IPv6 routing capabilities to
tie directly to IP aggregation and backbone
Integrated and virtualized L2 and L3 services
to manage mobile network overlays
Alcatel-Lucent EPC Gateway
Using new high-processing 50 Gbps NP
Using new silicon for IOM
High-capacity processing (Mpps)
Integrated Hierarchical Quality of Service (H-
QoS)
On chip filtering, accounting, and packet
header manipulation
Dedicated multi-core processors for mobility
management functions
Mobile Services Module*
PDN GW SGW MME PCRF
EPC gateway 7750 SR
+ =
* and supporting operating system (SR OS)
Alcatel-Lucent MME
Leveraging leading mobility expertise across all radio access technologies
Best-in-class ATCA platform
Proven, standards-based high compute
density form factor (ATCA) platform
In house design maximizes performance and
lifecycle
Proven asset to provide hardened solution
with high availability, OAM
Alcatel-Lucent MME
Superior paging performance
Extremely high capacity: support for high
loads (thousands of eNodeBs)
Carrier-grade reliability (99.999%+)
In Service Software Upgrades (ISSU)
Geo-redundancy (through MME pooling)
Flexible deployment scenarios: (both
centralized and distributed), allowing
unhindered separate scaling of MME and xGWs

In-house software
PDN GW SGW MME PCRF
MME In-house ATCA platform
+ =
Industry leading
mobility expertise
across
all radio technologies
GSM
UMTS
HSPA
CDMA
EVDO
WiMAX

Alcatel-Lucent PCRF
Leveraging leading subscriber and policy management expertise
Best-in-class ATCA platform
Proven, standards-based high compute
density form factor (ATCA) platform
In house design maximizes performance and
lifecycle
Proven asset to provide hardened solution
with high availability, OAM
Alcatel-Lucent PCRF
High performance
Extremely high capacity
Dynamic, real-time policy management
Tight integration with NM
In-house software
PDN GW SGW MME PCRF
PCRF In-house ATCA platform
+ =
Industry leading
policy and subscriber
management
expertise (TPSDA)

55+
LTE QCI (QoS Class Identifier), as defined by 3GPP TS23.207
QCI Resource Type Priority
Packet Delay
Budget
Packet Error
Loss
Rate
Example Services
1 2 100 ms 10
-2
Conversational voice
2 4 150 ms 10
-3
Conversational video (live streaming)
3
Guranteed
Bit Rate
(GBR)
3 50 ms 10
-3
Real-time gaming
4 5 300 ms 10
-6
Non-conversational video (buffered streaming)
5 1 100 ms 10
-6
IMS signalling

6

6

300 ms

10
-6

Video (buffered streaming)
TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing,
progressive video, etc.)
7 Non-GBR 7 100 ms 10
-3

Voice, video (live streaming), interactive
gaming

8
8 300 ms 10-6
Premium bearer for video (buffered
streaming),
TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing,
progressive video, etc) for premium subscribers
9 9 300 ms 10-6
Default bearer for video,
TCP-based services, etc. for non-privileged subscribers

From: 4 classes in UMTS and CDMA to: 9 classes in LTE
One of LTE standards goals:
backward compatibility with UMTS QoS
End-to-end bearer QoS in EPC
eNB QoS

Per-bearer
Scheduling

Hierarchical
QoS
Signaling
integrity
Per QCI-queues
with color-
aware
thresholds
Aggregate eNB
shaping
Classify

Per SDF

Shape
(optional)

Shaping to
adapt to
transport SLA
Traffic
Management
Per QCI queuing
for GBR QoS
Color-aware
queuing for GBR
SDF Charging
and Credit
Classify

5-tuple match
with opt. DPI
Policing per-
bearer or per-
SDF
G/Y/R for
default bearer
DSCP Marking
Policing

Per bearer
scheduling
UE source IP

Per bearer
verification
Network QoS

Per QCI
Network QoS

Per QCI
IP
Gi
DOWNLINK UPLINK
eNode B
MME
PCRF
PDN GW
SGW
Evolved Packet Core
DPI
(optional)
DSCP Mark
Partner OTT
Peer-to-peer
rate limiting
Voice Evolution for LTE
Options for Supporting Voice over LTE
Option Description Comment
CS Fall-back
(CSFB)
Attractive as a means of re-using all
the CS infrastructure.
UE is registered in LTE and is paged
on MT in LTE but takes call in CS
(GSM or W-CDMA)
Voice over IMS
(VoIMS)
Uses a standard 3GPP IMS. Options:
Hand-down to CS via SRVCC HO
PS HO for VoIMS/3G<>VoIMS/LTE

Call control for voice services is
replicated in the IMS domain and is
interworked with CS domain, via
SRVCC
CS over Packet
(CSoPS/VoLGA)
Allows operator to re-use all the CS
infrastructure.
CSFB and IMS users to be supported
when roaming onto CSoPS networks
Uses a normal MSC infrastructure
and an IWF that makes the LTE
appear as an IP-based CS-RAN
Three main options for voice support with LTE introduction
CS Fallback

UE
LTE-Uu
E-UTRAN
MME
S1-MME
UTRAN
GERAN
Um
Uu
MSC
Server
Iu-CS
A
SGs
New interface
(SGs)
Page in LTE, establish CS bearer in 3G/2G : Re-Use Existing CS Core Assets

GSM (CS)
UMTS
(CS)
LTE
(none) LTE
(none)
CSFB
CS HO
Reselection
VoLGA Overview : Tunnel CS Traffic over LTE
VANC
2G/3G
MSC
UTRAN
MME
S-GW
P-GW
BSS
E-UTRAN
PCRF
S
e
c
G
W

HLR/HSS
H
O
S
F

AAA
IuCS
or A
Sv
Rx
Gx
S1-C
S1-U
IuCS
A
D
S6a
Wm
D
SGi
VoLGA is an alternative to CSFB for a specific situation
Not yet standardised and lacking wide operator support
Z1
VoLGA : Voice Over LTE Generic Access
VANC : VoLGA Access Network Controller
HOSF : handover selection function

GSM (CS)
IMS based voice services
Single Radio VCC for Service continuity
IMS over LTE only (case 1)
SRVCC HO:
LTE to UMTS
LTE to GSM
CS HO:
UMTS to/from GSM
Cell re-selection (UE in idle mode):
Return to LTE from GSM or UMTS

IMS over LTE and UMTS (case 2)
PS HO:
LTE to/from UMTS
SRVCC HO:
LTE and UMTS to GSM
CS HO:
GSM to UMTS
Cell re-selection (UE in idle mode):
Return to LTE from GSM

UMTS
(CS)
LTE
(IMS) LTE
(IMS)

GSM (CS)

UMTS
(CS+IMS)
LTE
(IMS) LTE
(IMS)
SRVCC CS HO PS HO Reselection
Challenges to be Solved for Voice IMS
3GPP Access
RNC SGSN/GGSN
MME
PCRF
SGW
PDN GW
UE
Client
PCC
Emerg.
Call
SRVCC
ICS
Roaming
Peering
IP Addr.
IPv6 &
v4v6
ANDS
Voice not the driver for mobile IMS for most operators
SMS &
OMA-DM
Local
break out
Summarizing the options for Supporting Voice with LTE
Option Description Advantages/Disadvantages
IMS VoIP
Uses a standard 3GPP IMS. Options:
Hand-down to CS domain via
SRVCC HO
ICS to support consistent service
experience when transferring
domains

CS Fall-back
(CSFB)
Adv: Attractive as a means of re-
using all the CS infrastructure.
Disadv: Acknowledged short term
solution until IMS is deployed
UE is registered in LTE and is paged
on MT in LTE but takes call in CS
(GSM or W-CDMA). Will add a short
delay to the call.
Adv: Standard, robust IMS solution
providing home control of a rich set
of communications services
Disadv: Migration to VoIP core can
be operationally intensive (e.g. with
SRVCC & ICS) requiring experienced
staff and vendor partners.
CSoPS (VoLGA)
Adv: Attractive as a means of re-
using all the CS infrastructure.
Disadv: No 3GPP standards support,
UE ecosystem required, roaming
issues, will need to migrate to IMS
eventually.
Uses a normal MSC infrastructure
and an interworking function that
makes the LTE appear as an IP-based
CS-RAN
Radio Techniques
3
Section 3 LTE RAN Considerations (50 mins)
1. Whats new about LTE Radio Access
3 key principles
Deployment considerations
2. Deployment strategy
2G/3G Interworking
Distributed coverage solutions
Interference Management/SON
3. Spectrum
Coverage
Bandwidth
1800MHz Eco-system
4. Antenna Configurations
Multi-band Sharing
MIMO Readiness
Techniques for FDD
Antenna Considerations
Modelling
Whats new about LTE Radio Access
1
LTE 3 Key Principles
OFDMA (DL) / SC-FDMA (UL): Robust modulation in dense environments
Increased spectral efficiency
Simplified Rx design cheaper UE
Scalable bandwidth Static and dynamic

MIMO: Increased link diversity/capacity
Multiple-input, multiple-output UL& DL
Collaborative MIMO (UL)
Default support

All IP: Flat and scalable
Short TTI: 1 ms (2 ms for HSPA)
Inter- eNB X2 interface
Backhaul based on IP / MPLS transport
Fits with IMS, VoIP, SIP
Value Proposition - considerable increase in capacity, peak rates & lower TCO
V
MIMO
H
H
H
RI
H
V U H
U
H
Select
#
code
words
Modulation
+ coding
PMI
CQI
Modulation
+ coding
Demod +
decode
demod +
decode
precoding
Layer
mapping
Deployment Considerations
1. Deployment strategy (hotspot/contiguous, metro/rural,
data/voice, indoor/outdoor) interworking & macro, micro, pico, femto
2. Spectrum (coverage, bandwidth, eco-system)
3. Antenna considerations (MIMO now and future, new band)
4. Backhaul (eNB meshing, all-IP, aggregation, synchronisation)
Aim - maximal re-use of existing site infrastructure
Deployment Strategy
2
LTE deployment
Main scenarios
LTE metropolitan deployment
LTE in dense area, then progressive extension
Initially hot-spot LTE coverage, or
Get quickly a contiguous LTE national macro
coverage using low frequency spectrum (e.g.
700/800MHz)

HSPA leapfrog
LTE in dense area in parallel with deployment in
sub-urban and rural areas instead of HSPA
HSPA extension is frozen or limited
New low frequency band or GSM spectrum re-
farming (longer term)

LTE new entrant
LTE in metropolitan area (without roaming to
2G/3G operators)
MVNO relationship with 2G/3G operators for nation-
wide coverage
Dense
Urban Urban Suburban Rural
LTE
Dense
Urban
Urban Suburban Rural
Dense
Urban
Urban Suburban Rural
GSM/HSPA
LTE
MVNO
GSM/HSPA
3GPP needs to ensure LTE and GSM/WCDMA will interwork to form a seamless network
GSM
HSPA
LTE
LTE
3GPP interworking options
Flavors of interworking
Cell reselections
Mechanism to allow idle UE to reselect 2G, 3G or LTE cell using cell ranking and RAT
prioritization

Cell redirections
Mechanism in network to push UE to or from LTE coverage layer
Network Assisted Cell Change (NACC) to speed up the push of the UE to GERAN layer
BSC provides the eNB with information of the target GSM cell so the UE doesnt need to acquire the full set of
GSM system messages

Packet Switched mobility
Mechanism to handover packet switched services
Two different scenarios depending on the 3GPP release of the legacy core network:
Interworking with a legacy core that has not been upgraded to 3GPP Release 8
Interworking with a legacy core that is also on 3GPP Release 8

Circuit Switched mobility
Mechanisms to support circuit switch services (mainly voice and SMS)
Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB): Push UE to 2/3G layer for CS services
IMS based Voice Services with Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC)
CSoPS based Voice Services (or VOLGA) as an alternative to IMS
Interworking Capability Map
Interworking capability is likely to be introduced (in LTE and 2G/3G) in stages
UTRAN
LTE
GERAN
LTE
IDLE MODE

DATA
CONNECTED MODE

Service interruption
4s 1s 200ms
Mobility
VOICE
CONNECTED MODE
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Initial
Next
Future (Never?)
Support stages
Initial hotspot deployment with the benefit of 3GPP mobility
Evolved BTS Options
LTE overlays can exploit the flexibility of the distributed remote radio head
(RRH) and baseband unit (BBU) eNodeB solutions

Flexible housing and cabinetisation options, incl BTS hotels and DAS replacement
Simpler installation, with less constraints on bending radii and ducting sizes for the optical link
(especially for GSM/WCDMA overlay sites with large number of RF feeders)
No RF feeders (only jumpers) reduces the loss in both uplink and downlink (~3 dB) no TMA and more
efficient amplifiers
Reduced connectors in the RF transmission line reduces the risk of issues such as PIM

Other on-going OPEX advantages include;
Reduced power consumption
Reduced site rental due to low/ zero footprint and availability of wall mount.
RRH uses natural convection cooling to produce a zero noise high reliability fan-less solution.
BBU d2U
In existing cabinet or rack
RRH 2 x 40W
Wall, Pole or
Floor Stand mount
Macro overlays and indoor distribution
Interference Management
LTE can operate with a Frequency Reuse of 1
LTE provides techniques to help reduce the inter-cell interference
Inter Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC): involves scheduling users in
only portions of the bandwidth according to their location in the cell

Various schemes are possible:
Virtual 1/3 Frequency Reuse
Fractional Frequency Reuse
Soft Fractional Frequency Reuse
Improves cell edge rates at the expense of sector throughput
(less multi-user and frequency selective scheduling gain)

Cooperative multi-point (CoMP) Rel 10

Interference coordination is a key focus area moving to LTE-A with CoMP
Sector Sector Sector

5 MHz
1.67 MHz 1.67 MHz 1.67 MHz
F1 F2 F3
Sector Sector Sector
5 MHz
1.67 MHz 1.67 MHz 1.67 MHz
F1 F2 F3
eNB0 eNB4
eNB5 eNB6
eNB3 eNB2
eNB1
Cell 0
Cell 2
Cell 1
Intra-site
CoMP
X2
Inter-site
CoMP
U
E
1
U
E
2
LTE SON Network Characteristics and Evolution
Time
Focus on Network Deployment Focus on end user services Focus on Network Growth
Growing Coverage (1
st
year)
Growing Capacity (2-4 years) Optimized Coverage and Capacity (4+)
Key SON features: (Rel 8 SON)
Plug & Play eNB, Auto SW download
ANR Configuration/ Optimization
(Intra LTE/Inter RAT)
Auto PCID configuration
Static ICIC

Key SON features: (Rel 9 SON)
Dynamic ICIC
RACH optimization
Intra-LTE HO Optimization
eNB load balancing
Power consumption optimization
Cell outage detection & compensation
Network/RAN data collection for SON &
E2E performance evaluation
Key Maximally Optimised Network
(MON)/SON features:
Optimizing E2E performance for wide range of
4G applications in an automated manner
End to end policy management
Linking MON/SON RAN into MON/SON CN
Network/RAN realtime data collection and
analysis for E2E (cross-layer & cross-element)
MON/SON engines
Short term view
Simplify deployment
Reduce repetitive tasks
Drive test minimization
Medium term view
Increased SON intelligence,
focus upon capacity
Global KPI optimization
Long term view
E2E MON/SON and advanced technologies
Small cells / heterogeneous network
Diagnosis, cure and E2E self-healing features
Evolved Packet Core Evolved Packet Core
3GPP Access
RNC SGSN/GGSN
3GPP Access
RNC RNC SGSN/GGSN SGSN/GGSN
MME MME
PCRF PCRF
SGW SGW PDN GW PDN GW
Non-3GPP Access
PDSN RNC
Non-3GPP Access
PDSN RNC RNC
SGW SGW
LTE
Base Station
Spectrum
3
Band Flexibility
High number of bands Blessing and Curse
Great for re-farming and initial deployments, but
Coverage, UE complexity & diluted eco-system need to be considered
2100 IMT 1920 MHz 1980 MHz 60 2110 MHz 2170 MHz 60 Y Y
PCS-1900 1850 MHz 1910 MHz 60 1930 MHz 1990 MHz 60 Y Y Y
DCS-1800 1710 MHz 1785 MHz 75 1805 MHz 1880 MHz 75 Y Y
AWS 1710 MHz 1755 MHz 45 2110 MHz 2155 MHz 45 Y Y
850 USA 824 MHz 849 MHz 25 869 MHz 894MHz 25 Y Y Y
850 Japan 830 MHz 840 MHz 10 875 MHz 885 MHz 10 Y Y
2.6GHz IMT-E 2500 MHz 2570 MHz 70 2620 MHz 2690 MHz 70 Y*
E-GSM 900 880 MHz 915 MHz 35 925 MHz 960 MHz 35 Y Y Y
1800 Japan 1749.9 MHz 1784.9 MHz 35 1844.9 MHz 1879.9 MHz 35 Y
WCDMA USA 1710 MHz 1770 MHz 60 2110 MHz 2170 MHz 60 Y
1500 Japan 1427.9 MHz 1452.9 MHz 25 1475.9 MHz 1500.9 MHz 25
Lower ABC 700 USA 698 MHz 716 MHz 18 728 MHz 746 MHz 18
Upper C 700 USA 777 MHz 787 MHz 10 746 MHz 756 MHz 10
Public Safety 700 USA 788 MHz 798 MHz 10 758 MHz 768 MHz 10
Lower BC 700 USA 704 MHz 716 MHz 12 734 MHz 746 MHz 12
R9 TBA 3410 MHz 3500 MHz 90 3510 MHz 3600 MHz 90 Y
1900 MHz 1920 MHz 20 1900 MHz 1920 MHz 20
2010 MHz 2025 MHz 15 2010 MHz 2025 MHz 15
1850 MHz 1910 MHz 60 1850 MHz 1910 MHz 60
1930 MHz 1990 MHz 60 1930 MHz 1990 MHz 60
1910 MHz 1930 MHz 20 1910 MHz 1930 MHz 20
2570 MHz 2620 MHz 50 2570 MHz 2620 MHz 50 Y
1880 MHz 1920 MHz 40 1880 MHz 1920 MHz 40
2300 MHz 2400 MHz 100 2300 MHz 2400 MHz 100 Y
R9 TBA 3400 MHz 3600 MHz 200 3400 MHz 3600 MHz 200 Y
* 2496-2690 TDD
20 FDD
Uplink (UL) operating band Downlink (DL) operating band
UE Tx / BS Rx BS Tx / UE Rx
EUTRA
Band
Duplex
Mode
GSM
Band
WCDMA
Band
Common Name CDMA
Band
WiMax
Bands
41 TDD
40 TDD
39 TDD
38 TDD
37 TDD
36 TDD
35 TDD
34 TDD
33 TDD
...
17 FDD
14 FDD
13 FDD
12 FDD
11 FDD
10 FDD
9 FDD
8 FDD
7 FDD
6 FDD
5 FDD
4 FDD
3 FDD
2 FDD
1 FDD
Relative capex and typical cell radius to cover a certain
area in suburban environment as a function of the
frequency band used for deployment
100%
126%
328%
455%
675%
1230%
10
8.9
5.5
4.7
3.9
2.9
0%
100%
200%
300%
400%
500%
600%
700%
800%
900%
1000%
1100%
1200%
1300%
1400%
1500%
700 MHz 850 MHz 1900 MHz 2500 MHz 3500 MHz 5800 MHz
Frequency Deployment
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4
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i
u
s

(
k
m
)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500 2700
Frequency (MHz)
P
a
t
h
l
o
s
s

D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e

R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

t
o

2
G
H
z

(
d
B
)
Cost-231 Hata
modified Cost-231 Hata
Okumura Hata
Coverage
2600MHz
2.4dB
2100MHz
Reference
700MHz
-11.8dB
1800MHz
-1.4dB
LTE VoIP AMR Linkbudget should be comparable to WCDMA AMR CS Voice
Source: Business case summary for NGMN - Milan Sallaba
Available Bandwidth
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
GSM 5MHz HSPA
5MHz
LTE
1.4Mhz
LTE 3MHz LTE 5MHz
Voice / VoIP Capacity in Erlangs
Opportunity to refarm legacy spectrum with small carriers
Significant data performance gains only with 5MHz
Capacity per MHz is frequency independent
LTE efficiency over legacy technologies is
subject to much simulation with ranging
conclusions
LTE Frequency Spectrum auctions
Spectrum Awarded today
2009 2010 2011 2012+
2.6 GHz
New Zealand
Norway
Sweden
Hong Kong
Austria Portugal
UK Italy, NL
France Spain
Germany Denmark
Czech Rep
India
Canada
Australia?
Estonia
Latvia
2.3 GHz China (TDD)
2.1 GHz
APAC, EMEA,
Japan
AWS NAR
1900 MHz NAR
1800 MHz APAC & EMEA
1500 MHz Japan Finland, HK
900 MHz APAC & EMEA
850 MHz
APAC & NAR
800 MHz
Digital Dividend
Sweden, Finland
Switzerland
Germany, NL
Belgium (Flemish)
Denmark
Norway
Spain
Estonia
France
Czech Republic
Slovenia
Hungary
Lithuania Portugal
Ireland Slovakia
Ukraine Poland
Russia
700 MHz US Australia?, NZ
700 MHz D
block
US TBC
First AWS & 700 MHz (US), 2.1 GHz (Japan) then 2.6 GHz (Europe) and 2.3 GHz TDD (China)
First refarming expected to be 1800 MHz
Refarming
Refarming
Refarming
Refarming
Linked auctions
Frequency Band Support Device View
There are significant challenges for developing device RF front end
Multi mode/band support will be limited initially - restricted to 2 (3 max) LTE bands
Quad band support expected on UMTS & GSM technologies

1H 2010 Highest priority bands 1 (2100), 4 (AWS), 7 (2.6) and 13 (USA 700)
Currently supported by most vendors for development purposes

2H 10 Band 3 (1800) (and band 8/900MHz with lower priority)
Band 3 has growing interest from major European and APAC operators for refarming

2H 10 European Digital Dividend (800MHz)
Depends on market traction and standards completion
RFMD. 3G/4G Multimode Cellular Front
End Challenges
LTE Device Availability
Prototype products
LTE New connected
devices
LTE low end
handset
H1 H2
2009
H1 H2
2010
H1
H2
2011
H1 H2
2012
H1 H2
2013
H1
2014+
Field Trials Early Launches Mass Market Adoption
Ecosystem will
be established
by mid 2011
LTE Middle end
handset
Vendor 5 1
st
Gen LTE
Vendor 5 2
nd
Gen LTE
Vendor 4 1
st
Gen LTE
Vendor 4 2
nd
Gen LTE
Vendor 3 1
st
Gen LTE
Vendor 3 2
nd
Gen LTE
Vendor 2 2
nd
Gen LTE
Vendor 1 2
nd
Gen LTE
Vendor 6 1
st
Gen LTE
Vendor 6 2
nd
Gen LTE
Form factor Prototype
FF Prototype Vendor 2 1
st
Gen LTE
Vendor 1 1
st
Gen LTE
FF Prototype
FF Prototype
FF Prototype
FF Prototype
Commercial Devices (High End),
USB, Netbook, MID, Phone, W-DSL
700, AWS, 2.1, 2.6 1.8, (900) + DD Others
G/W900
LTE Spectrum Options OPTUS
900MHz
8.4 MHz
2100MHz
10 MHz
1800MHz
15MHz
GSM WCDMA
2100MHz
10 MHz
1800MHz
up to 10MHz
FDD WCDMA
Capacity hot
spots
2100MHz
10 MHz
1800MHz
up to 15MHz
FDD WCDMA
FDD
2600 MHz
up to 20 MHz
FDD
700MHz
Up to 10 MHz
Rural Coverage Capacity hot spots
Then
Metro Coverage
First
Refarming
New Spectrum
GSM/WCDMA
900MHz
8.4 MHz
GSM/WCDMA
900MHz
8.4 MHz
GSM/WCDMA
Dense
Urban
Urban
Suburban Rural
G/W900
W2100
G/W900
W2100
LTE1800
LTE1800
LTE700
W2100
LTE1800
LTE1800
LTE2600
or refarm 900MHz
Antenna Configurations
Multi-band and MIMO
4
Multi-band Antenna Sharing Options
The restrictions on antenna height, orientation, and mechanical tilt (electrical tilt and transmit power can be
different), has implications for network planning and the configuration of adjacent cells
Future readiness for 4 x 2 MIMO and 4-way Rx diversity should be considered for dense environments
Panel Antenna options for 3 sector Macro sites:
Configuration (A)
XX-pol 1710-2180 MHz/1710-2180 MHz; 65/65; 17.5 dBi; 0-10T
Configuration (B & C)
X-pol 1710-2690 MHz; 65; 17,5 dBi; 2T
X-pol 1710-2690 MHz; 65; 18 dBi; 0-12T
XX-pol 1710-2200 MHz/2300-2690 MHz; 65/65; 18 dBi; 0-15T (for 2.6 GHz readiness)
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
WCDMA2100
Duplexer
Tx Rx
Duplexer
Tx Rx
LTE1800
Duplexer
Tx Rx
Duplexer
Tx Rx
Dual Band
Double X-pol
WCDMA2100
Duplexer
Tx Rx
Duplexer
Tx Rx
LTE1800
Duplexer
Tx Rx
Duplexer
Tx Rx
WCDMA2100
Duplexer
Tx Rx
Duplexer
Tx Rx
LTE1800
Duplexer
Tx Rx
Duplexer
Tx Rx
Diplexer Diplexer
Wide Band
X-pol
Wide Band
Dual X-pols
A B C
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
WCDMA2100
Duplexer
Tx Rx
Duplexer
Tx Rx
LTE BBU
Tx/Rx Tx/Rx
RRH
1800
O
p
t
i
c
a
l

l
i
n
k
Or...
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
MIMO Support is Different in Downlink and Uplink
Downlink MIMO
Supports Spatial Multiplexing, MU-MIMO, and Transmit Diversity

Uplink MIMO
Initial release of LTE will only support MU-MIMO
desire to avoid multiple PAs at UE
Cyclic-shift orthogonal pilots used in the uplink

Low
Speed
Low High
Open Loop
TxDiv
Closed Loop
TxDiv
Open Loop
SMUX
Closed Loop
SMUX
Open Loop
TxDiv
Closed Loop
TxDiv
Open Loop
TxDiv
High
Speed
Rank
SNR
Closed Loop
TxDiv
2
1
V
MIMO
H
H
H
RI
H
V U H
U
H
Select
#
code
words
Modulation
+ coding
PMI
CQI
Modulation
+ coding
Demod +
decode
demod +
decode
precoding
Layer
mapping
MIMO Benefits
Alcatel-Lucent has done extensive simulations on the benefit of MIMO, and
has observed that the gains can vary depending upon the assumptions.
On aggregate throughput:
In a specific mixed mobility profile (30% V, 70% P + AWGN) with a proportional fair
scheduler, the expected gain in spectrum efficiency of MIMO is 0% ~ 15%.
MIMO is expected to provide 15% - 25% gain in low mobility environments
MIMO is expected to provide limited gain in high mobility environments.
On edge rates:
MIMO and really the underlying transmit diversity technology, i.e. space-frequency
block coding provide significant benefit to edge rate performance.
A range of gains for edge rates have been observed for SIMO versus MIMO.
For noise limited environments (large cell), up to 60% improvement in edge
rates has been observed.
In interference limited environments (small cell), 30% improvement in edge
rates has been observed.

On peak rates: Its clear that MIMO offers a significant peak rate advantage
over SIMO
Antenna Configuration impact to MIMO
Impact on the types of MIMO schemes that are available to the base station
Narrowly spaced antennas are ideal for supporting beam forming (more likely for
LTE TDD)
Widely spaced or cross pole (X-pol) antennas are ideal for spatial multiplexing and
transmit diversity
The choice of antenna at the base station will depend on several factors
including:
The expected performance benefits for the particular deployment environment
Real estate and cost considerations at the tower, wind loading and antenna sharing
considerations.
At the terminal,
The device form factor as well as operating band challenges designers in terms of
achieving the antenna efficiencies and low correlation between antennas required
for MIMO operation.
BS Antenna Configurations
||||
||||
||||
||||
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
Antenna Config ULA-4V CLA-2X CLA-4X DIV-1X DIV-2X
Description
Uniform Linear
Array (e.g.
element spacing)
Clustered Linear
Array (e.g. 2 X-pol
columns @ )
Clustered Linear
Array (e.g. 4 X-pol
columns @ )

Diversity Array - 1
column with dual-
slant polarisation
(X-pol)
Diversity Array - 2
widely spaced* X-pol
columns
LTE Support
transmit modes
5. UL MU-MIMO reuse 4
7. Beamforming
2. Tx Div
7. Beamforming
2. Tx Div
7. Beamforming
2. Tx Div
3. DL OL SM 2 streams
4. DL CL SM 2 streams
2. Tx Div
3. DL OL SM 4 streams
4. DL CL SM 4 streams
Applicability
Low scatter Rich scatter Rich scatter
Urban Micro
Low Low Low High High
Urban Macro
Medium High High Medium High
Rural Macro
High Medium High Low Low
* The inter-antenna distance above should optimally be related relative to the angular spread of the channel environment
Deterministic Models - Ray-tracing models
XPD
Angular Spread
*Results from Actix MIMO Ray-tracing modelling
2x2 MIMO Gain ULA 2x2 MIMO Gain X-Pol
Next Steps and Proposed Workshops

4
Proposed Workshops
ePC
Transport network and architecture
QoS
Integration & interop with HSPA
eNodeB
Radio Network Design and Planning
Coverage and MIMO
O&M, SON, Tools
Device / CPE

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