A PRESENTATION ON THE STUDY OF :

THE EFFECT OF THE PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF GRANITE

WITH GRAVEL ON THE STRENGTH AND WORKABILITY OF
CONCRETE

BY

ADEYEMI TIMILEYIN MARTINS
080402004

CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS

SUPERVISOR: DR. C.B. ECHETA

APRIL 2013
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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Nigeria is one of the many countries in the world that has
the construction industry as one of the most effective
and living sectors in the economic system. Building
materials are considered the strength of this industry;
most construction materials cannot be ignored or
disregarded in any form of construction work. There
have been attempts by engineers to use various types of
materials for the main purpose of making the task more
efficient, reducing time and cost, improving durability,
quality, and performance of the structures during their
lifetime. Therefore, there have being trial of different
substitution of the materials use for construction works
which almost all results in varied behaviours.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
In the present Nigeria, it was observed that the use of
gravel as a constituent of concrete on construction site is
getting extremely rampant. This was observed to have
resulted from decision made by clients that site workers
should use same quantity of gravel in place of granite in
the project concrete mix. The clients are obviously more
concern about the cost of construction while they forgo
the instructions of the design or structural engineer.
Design engineer must have made a structural design
that conforms to the use of granite and the strength of
the mix as designed is expected to attain concrete
characteristics strength of about 25N/mm
2
.
AIM AND OBJECTIVE
The aim of this project is
To reach a clear understanding of the role and
effect of coarse aggregates (gravel and/or
granite) in the characteristic strength and
workability of structural concrete.
To study the suitability of granite/gravel
aggregate as coarse aggregate in concrete and
To investigate the performance of concrete
replaced by 0,20,40,60,80 and100% of gravel to
granite using mix ratio of 1:2:4 at different curing
age.


SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH

This project is expected to provide
To provide some information about the use
of granite and gravel aggregate in
concrete.
To evaluate the compressive strength and
characteristics of such concrete before
establishing its use to ensure that it falls
within limits established by the codes of
practice.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

YEAR AUTHOR TITLE CONCLUSION
2012 MATHUSAMY
AND SABRI
COCKLE SHELL: A
POTENTIAL COARSE
AGGREGATE
REPLACEMENT IN
CONCRETE
RESULTS SHOW THAT REPLACEMENT
OF APPROPRIATE COCKLE SHELL
CONTENT ABLE TO PRODUCE
WORKABLE CONCRETE WITH
SATISFACTORY STRENGTH.
INTEGRATION OF 20% COCKLE SHELL
ENHANCED THE STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE MAKING IT TO BE THE
HIGHEST AS COMPARED TO ANY
OTHER REPLACEMENT LEVEL.
2006 Peter Ndoke
NDOKE
PERFORMANCE OF
PALM KERNEL
SHELLS AS A PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT FOR
COARSE
AGGREGATE IN
ASPHALT CONCRETE
IT WAS OBSERVED THAT PALM
KERNEL SHELLS CAN BE USED TO
REPLACE COARSE AGGREGATE UP TO
30% BEFORE DRASTIC REDUCTIONS
BECOME NOTICEABLE. IT IS
THEREFORE RECOMMENDED THAT
FOR HEAVILY TRAFFICKED ROADS,
PALM KERNEL SHELLS UP TO 10% CAN
BE USED FOR THE REPLACEMENT
WHILE EVEN 100% REPLACEMENT IS
POSSIBLE FOR LIGHTLY TRAFFICKED
ROADS IN THE RURAL SETTINGS.
YEAR AUTHOR TITLE CONCLUSION
2012 USMAN, N.D.
et al
THE USE OF SAWDUST
AND PALM KERNEL
SHELL AS SUBSTITUTE
FOR FINE AND
COARSE AGGREGATES
IN CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION IN
DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
THE WATER ABSORPTION CAPACITY
IN BOTH SAW DUST AND PALM
KERNEL SHELLS WOULD NEED TO BE
MODIFIED IN ORDER TO IMPROVE ITS
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND
DURABILITY.SMALLER SIZES OF
PALM KERNEL WILL HELP IN PROPER
INTERLOCK OF THE PARTICLES IN
CONCRETE MASS.
2010 EFE
IKPONWOSA,
et al
STRENGTH
CHARACTERISTICS OF
CONCRETE BEAMS
WITH CEMENT
PARTIALLY REPLACED
BY UNCALCINED
SOLDIER-ANT MOUND
CLAY
THE ADDITION OF SAMC IN THE MIX
PRODUCED CONCRETE OF LOWER
DENSITY THAN NORMAL CONCRETE:
INCREASES THE INITIAL AND FINAL
SETTING TIME OF CEMENT WITH
INCREASED WORKABILITY. THE
DENSITY AS WELL AS THE FLEXURAL
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
DECREASED WITH INCREASE IN SAMC
CONTENT. ABOUT 5% SAMC IS
ICONSIDERED SUFFICENT FOR
IMPROVED STRUCTURAL
PERFORMANCE IN A MIX.
YEAR AUTHOR TITLE CONCLUSION
2010 MANASSEH
JOEL
USE OF CRUSHED
GRANITE FINE AS
REPLACEMENT TO
RIVER SAND IN
CONCRETE
PRODUCTION
RIVER SAND REPLACED WITH 20%
CGF IS RECOMMENDED FOR USE IN
THE PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE FOR
USE IN RIGID PAVEMENT.
CONSERVATION OF RIVER SAND IN
ADDITION TO BETTER WAYS OF
DISPOSING WASTES FROM THE
QUARRY SITES ARE SOME OF THE
MERITS OF USING CGF.
2009 OLUFEMI
AGBEDE AND
JOEL
MANASSEH
SUITABILITY OF
PERIWINKLE SHELL AS
PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT FOR
RIVER GRAVEL IN
CONCRETE
PERIWINKLE SHELLS CAN BE USED AS
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR RIVER
GRAVEL IN NORMAL CONSTRUCTION
WORKS ESPECIALLY IN PLACEES
WHERE RIVER IS IN SHORT SUPPLY
AND PERIWINKLE SHELLS ARE
READILY AVAILABE.
YEAR AUTHOR TITLE CONCLUSION
2000 YIXIN SHAO
et al
STUDIES ON
CONCRETE
CONTAINING GROUND
WASTE GLASS
THEY CONCLUDED FROM THEIR
RESULTS THAT GROUND GLASS
HAVING A PARTICLE SIZE FINER THAN
38M DID EXHIBIT A POZZOLANIC
BEHAVIOR. THE COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH FROM LIME-GLASS TESTS
EXCEEDED A THRESHOLD VALUE OF
4.1 MPA.
2003 RAFAT
SIDDIQUE.
EFFECT OF FINE
AGGREGATE
REPLACEMENT WITH
CLASS F FLY ASH ON
THE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE
TEST RESULTS INDICATE SIGNIFICANT
IMPROVEMENT IN THE STRENGTH
PROPERTIES OF PLAIN CONCRETE BY
THE INCLUSION OF FLY ASH AS
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE
AGGREGATE (SAND), AND CAN BE
EFFECTIVELY USED IN STRUCTURAL
CONCRETE
YEAR AUTHOR TITLE CONCLUSION
2004 TARUN R.
NAIK et al
PRECAST CONCRETE
PRODUCTS USING
INDUSTRIAL BY-
PRODUCTS
ALL WET-CAST BRICKS COULD BE
USED FOR BOTH EXTERIOR AND
INTERIOR WALLS IN REGIONS WHERE
FREEZING AND THAWING IS NOT A
CONCERN, AND FOR INTERIOR WALLS
IN REGIONS WHERE FREEZING AND
THAWING IS A CONCERN.
2007 N.P.
RAJAMANE
et al
PREDICTION OF
COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE WITH FLY
ASH AS SAND
REPLACEMENT
MATERIAL
2008 K. GANESAN
et al
RICE HUSK ASH
BLENDED CEMENT:
ASSESSMENT OF
OPTIMAL LEVEL OF
REPLACEMENT FOR
STRENGTH AND
PERMEABILITY
PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE
TEST RESULTS OBTAINED IN THIS
STUDY INDICATE THAT UP TO 30% OF
RHA COULD BE ADVANTAGEOUSLY
BLENDED WITH CEMENT WITHOUT
ADVERSELY AFFECTING THE
STRENGTH AND PERMEABILITY
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE.
YEAR AUTHOR TITLE CONCLUSION
2008 ZAINAB Z.
ISMAIL
et al
USE OF WASTE
PLASTIC IN CONCRETE
MIXTURE AS
AGGREGATE
REPLACEMENT
RESULTS PROVED THE ARREST OF
THE PROPAGATION OF MICRO
CRACKS BY INTRODUCING WASTE
PLASTIC OF FABRIFORM SHAPES TO
CONCRETE MIXTURES.
2009 S.A. RAJI
et al
EFFECT OF
REPROCESSED PURE
WATER SACHET (PWS)
ON THE STRENGTH
AND FIRE RESISTANCE
OF CEMENT
CONCRETE
IT WAS OBSERVED THAT THE
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF THE
CUBE WITH 05 PWS INCREASED
WHILE THAT OF 2% TO 10%
DECREASED AS COMPACTED TO THE
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF 28DAYS.
2009 ZAINAB Z.
ISMAIL
et al
RECYLING OF WASTE
GLASS AS A PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT FOR
FINE AGGREGATE IN
CONCRETE
THE MORTAR BAR TESTS
DEMONSTRATED THAT THE FINELY
CRUSHED WASTE GLASS HELPED
REDUCE EXPANSION BY 66% AS
COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL MIX.
YEAR AUTHOR TITLE CONCLUSION
2010 F. FALADE
et al
BEHAVIOUR OF
LIGHTWEIGHT
CONCRETE
CONTAINING
PERIWINKLE SHELLS
AT ELEVATED
TEMPERATURE
THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE DECREASED WITH
INCREASE IN WATER/CEMENT RATIO
AND TEMPERATURE BUT INCREASED
WITH INCREASE IN CURING AGE AND
CEMENT CONTENT WHILE THE
DENSITY DECREASED WITH
INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE.
2010 FELIXKALA
AND
PARTHEEBAN
GRANITE POWDER
CONCRETE
THE TEST RESULTS INDICATED THAT
THE VALUES OF BOTH PLASTIC AND
DRYING SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE IN
THE GRANITE POWDER CONCRETE
SPECIMENS WERE NOMINAL THAN
THOSE OF ORDINARY CONCRETE
SPECIMENS.
YEAR AUTHOR TITLE CONCLUSION
2012 DIVAKAR. Y et
al
EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION ON
BEHAVIOURS OF
CONCRETE WITH THE
USE OF GRANITE
FINES
THE REPLACEMENT OF 35% GRANITE
FINES THE TEST RESULTS SHOWS NO
DECREASE IN STRENGTH COMPARED
WITH THE CONVENTIONAL MIX
USING FULLY SAND AS FINE
AGGREGATES. AN OVERALL
INCREASE IN STRENGTH WITH 35%
REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATES
WITH GRANITE FINES WAS
OBSERVED.
2012 EMIERO AND
OYEDEPO
AN INVESTIGATION ON
THE STRENGTH AND
WORKABILITY OF
CONCRETE USING
PALM KERNEL SHELL
AND PALM KERNEL
FIBRE AS A COARSE
AGGREGATE
THAT GRANITE IS BETTER COMPARED
TO ALL OTHER NATURAL AVAILABLE
AGGREGATE.
CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

Concrete Materials
MATERIALS Parameter
ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT
THE CEMENT TO BE USED WILL SATISFY INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS ON CEMENT (BS 12 PORTLAND CEMENT)
FINE AGGREGATE (SAND) SHARP WITH LESS IMPURITIES
COARSE AGGREGATE (GRAVEL AND
GRANITE)
THE COARSE AGGREGATE TO BE USED IN THIS
RESEARCH WILL BE CRUSHED GRANITE OF IGNEOUS
ORIGIN AND WASHED GRAVEL
POTABLE WATER
THE WATER TO BE USED WILL BE OBTAINED FROM THE
LABORATORY TAPS. THE WATER IS EXPECTED TO BE
POTABLE
Test Apparatus Procedure Parameter
SIEVE ANALYSIS

Mechanical Sieve
Shaker, Sieve brush,
Weighing Balance,
Various Sizes of Sieve
Ranging From 2.36mm -
65m, Drying oven,
Evaporating pans

Arrange the sieves sizes
accordingly, with the larger size at
the top. Transfer the weighed
material into the sieve and shake
for 10mins, material retained on
each sieve is weigh the material
on each sieve and accord the
amount.

Coefficient of
uniformity and
coefficient of
curvature.

MOISTURE
CONTENT
Drying Oven,
Evaporating pans,
Weighing balance.

The aggregate is first weighed
(W1), thereafter dried . Weight
(W2) is then taken.
Moisture content
(W1-W2) x 100%
W2

AGGREGATE
CRUSHING
VALUE
6(150mm) diameter
open-ended steel
cylinder with plunger and
base plate, standard
metal tamping rod,
balance, B.S. sieves
912.5mm); 3/8
(9.8mm), compression
testing machines

Take from a clean and dry sample
of 12.5mm maximum coarse
aggregate. Fill two cylinders for
tests. Give 25blows to each layers
with tamping rod. Load at a rate of
5tonnes/minute, subject the
sample to a load of 40 tonnes.
Determine the weight of the
sample passing the No. 7 sieve

W= (W/ n)%
Laboratory Experiment
Test Apparatus Procedure Parameter
SLUMP TEST Mould, Tamping rod,
Steel rule, Stopwatch,
Hand trowel.
Clean and place the mould on a
smooth and stable platform free from
vibration. Prepare a fresh mix
concrete using 1:2:4 of binder, sand
and granite, with W/B ratio of 0.7.
The constituents is mix thoroughly
and fill in 3 layers where each layer
is tamped with 25 strokes before the
other layer is poured. After tamping
the top layer, the mould is fillled and
cleaned up. Remove the mould and
record the slump and its type.
Consistence of
concrete and the
workability of
concrete.
COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH TEST
ON CONCRETE
CUBES
Concrete mixer,
150mm x150mm x
150mm cube moulds ,
Tamping rod (16mm) ,
Slump cone, Shovel,
Scoop, Curing tank,
Compression testing
machine, Head pans,
Weighing machine

Tighten , clean n grease the mould.
Prepare a fresh mix concrete using
1:2:4 of binder, sand and granite,
with W/B ratio of 0.7. The
constituents is mix thoroughly and
fill in 3 layers where each layer is
tamped with 25 strokes before the
other layer is poured. The cubes are
de-moulded after 24 hrs and
subsequently placed in a curing tank
containing potable water.

Compressive strength
and effect of water
/binder ratio on the
compressive strength.
CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND
PROGRESS

RESULTS: SIEVE ANALYSIS
Test Sieves Weight Retained (g) Percentage Retained (%) Cumulative Percentage
Retained (%)
Percentage Passing (%)
2.36mm 21.78 7.78 7.78 92.22
1.18mm 59.41 21.22 29.00 71.00
710m 73.51 26.25 55.25 44.75
600m 17.39 6.21 61.46 38.54
425m 50.52 18.04 79.50 20.50
300m 30.44 10.87 90.38 9.63
212m 14.47 5.17 95.54 4.46
150m 5.54 1.98 97.52 2.48
75m 2.26 0.81 98.33 1.67
dust 0.43 0.15 98.48 1.52
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION FOR FINE AGGGREGATE USED
Test Sieves Weight Retained (g) Percentage Retained
(%)
Cumulative Passing
Retained (%)
Percentage Passing (%)
37.5mm 0 0.00 0.00 100.00
25.5mm 17.85 0.60 0.60 99.40
19.6mm 80.22 2.69 3.29 96.71
12.7mm 16.32 0.55 3.84 96.16
9.53mm 208.4 6.99 10.83 89.17
6mm 744.71 24.99 35.82 64.18
4.76mm 782.81 26.27 62.09 37.91
2.36mm 1002.83 33.65 95.74 4.26
dust 38.41 1.29 97.03 2.97
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION FOR (GRAVEL) COARSE AGGGREGATE
USED
Test Sieves Weight Retained (g) Percentage Retained
(%)
Cumulative Passing
Retained (%)
Percentage Passing (%)
37.5mm 0 0.00 0.00 100.00
25.5mm 0 0.00 0.00 100.00
19.6mm 1060 17.76 17.76 82.24
12.7mm 3830 64.15 81.91 18.09
9.53mm 613.17 10.27 92.18 7.82
6mm 337.77 5.66 97.84 2.16
4.76mm 31.35 0.53 98.36 1.64
dust 93.9 1.57 99.94 0.06
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION FOR (GRANITE) COARSE AGGGREGATE
USED
SO FAR
I have washed a large quantity of my
gravel required.
I have concluded sieve analysis on my
materials (sand, gravel and granite)
I have sieved a number of my gravel
needed into different sizes since I will be
considering fineness.

Humbly, I say


THANK YOU