Plants

Classification
By
Yesi Febriyanti
Elok Prayogi
Fina Lutfiya
Elita Anggraeni
Definition of plant
classification
The ordering of plants into a hierarchy of taxa in
positional compartments

The species being the fundamental unit, rank or
category

A means of grouping plants according to their
similarities
Purpose of
classification
To order organisms into taxa on the bases of their
relationships
To provide an orderly arrangement or system, position,
and rank that expresses the relationships in practical or
natural way
To produce a system for 1) efficient and effective
information storage and 2) use for taxa particular a)
circumscriptions, b) positions, and c) ranks
Ex: Aster and Rosa of same rank (genus) but different
positions (Asteraceae and Rosaceae)
Basic premise for
classification
in the tremendous variation in the plant word
conceptually discontinuous groups exist that can
be identified

Via discontinuity of variation and character
correlation can be ordered into a hierarchy and
positional compartment for taxa that express the
logical relationships among the groups


Fundamental principles
of classification
Variation in plant makes possible the
establishment of classification systems

Classifications of taxa are changed for the
proper reasons of either a more profound
knowledge of the facts resulting from
adequate taxonomy study


Classification

Artificial classification system:
based on one or two morphological characters that can
be easily seen, and the purpose for

Natural classification system

Phylogenetic classification system
Approaches to
Classification
Utilitarian (Uses) Dioscorides, Herbalists

Form (habit of plant) Theophrastus, Caesalpino

Artificial (few obvious characters) Tournefort,
Linnaeus

Natural (overall resemblances) Bauhin, Ray,
deJussieu, de Candolle, Bentham & Hooker

Molecular and Phylogenetic classification
(reflects evolution) Engler & Prantl, Bessey,
Hutchinson, Cronquist, Takhtajan, Thorne,
Dahlgren, APG

Important Influences on
Classification Systems
Needs of the historical period
Level of knowledge of the historical period
Philosophical concepts of the historical
period
Available technology of the historical period
APG versus earlier
classifications
Premolecular
classification
Artificial
Natural
Phylogenetic
Molecular
classifications
Phylogenetic
Postmolecular
classifications
Phylogenetic
based on a wide
array of
characters
including the
molecular and
micromorphologi
cal level

Artificial System of Plant
Classification
Classification based on
reproductive organs

Class determined
by Stamen
Order by Pistils

Before Linnaeus
Naming practices varied
For instance, the common wild rose:
Rosa sylvestris inodora
seu canina
and
Rosa sylvestris alba cum
rubore, folio glabro
Artificial System of
Plant Classification
Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus
Born May 22, 1707 in Rshult, Sweden.
Father was botanist/naturalist
Attended Univ. of Lund and Univ. of Uppsala
Traveled to Lapland (Blue Lake, CA) and collected 537
plant specimens
Opened own medical practice specializing in venereal
diseases
Became professor at Uppsala
Produced his sexual system of classification (Artificial
classification)
Invented binomial nomenclature
Linnean hierarchy
Phylum Spermatophyta (seed plants)
Division Magnoliophyta (flowering plants)
Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
Order Rosales
Family Rosaceae
Genus Prunus
Species Prunus avium L.

Each entity within the hierarchy is called a taxon (plur.
taxa)
7 Levels of Organization each level
is called a taxon
Kingdom largest, most inclusive
(diverse) group
Phylum made up of groups of classes
(share body plan features & internal
functions)
Class composed of similar orders
Order composed of similar families
Family made up of genera that share
many characteristics
Genus a group of closely related species
Species smallest, least inclusive group of
very similar organisms that can breed and
produce fertile offspring
Decrease
in
diversity
& size of
group

Higher Categories
Kingdom
Division
(Phylum)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Box in a Box Concept
Taxon (plural - taxa) = a
group of organisms at a
particular level in the
classification system
The greater the similarity
between two taxa the more
closely they are related
What is Artificial
Plant Classification?
Method of classifying plants
based on a limited number of
their physical and sexual
characteristics
Basics
Sexual system
Divided plants into 24
classes
Classes based largely on
the amount, union and
length of stamens
The Linnaean Period

Technologically, there were
early microscopes,
use of herbarium specimens, and
printed books were now available to the
masses.


Convergent evolution:
spines of cacti & euphorbs
Euphorb
Cactus
euphorb spines cactus spines
Convergent evolution:
spines of cacti & euphorbs
A B C D E F
TIME
Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree
TAXA
common ancestor
(of taxon A & taxa B-F)
common ancestor
(of taxon D, E, & F)
Keturunan Umum
Monophyletic Group
a group consisting of:
a common ancestor +
all descendents of that common ancestor
monophyletic
group
A B C D E F
TIME
Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree
TAXA
common ancestor
(of taxon A & taxa B-F)
common ancestor
(of taxon D, E, & F)
monophyletic
group
A B C D E F
TIME
Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree
TAXA
common ancestor
(of taxon A & taxa B-F)
common ancestor
(of taxon D, E, & F)
monophyletic
group
A B C D E F
TIME
Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree
TAXA
common ancestor
(of taxon A & taxa B-F)
common ancestor
(of taxon D, E, & F)
monophyletic
group
A B C D E F
TIME
Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree
TAXA
common ancestor
(of taxon A & taxa B-F)
common ancestor
(of taxon D, E, & F)
monophyletic
group
A B C D E F
TIME
Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree
TAXA
common ancestor
(of taxon A & taxa B-F)
common ancestor
(of taxon D, E, & F)
A B C D E F
TIME
speciation
Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree
TAXA
A B C D E F
TIME
speciation
Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree
TAXA
C B F E D A
Cladograms can be flipped at nodes, show same relationships
Relationship
= hubungan dekat dari keturunan umum

i.e., taxa sharing a common ancestor
more recent in time are more closely related
than those sharing common ancestors more
distant in time.
Shark Fish
Humans
TIME
common ancestor of
Fish and Humans
common ancestor of
Sharks, Fish, and Humans
monophyletic
group
Osteichthyes
Vertebrata
Shark Fish
Humans
TIME
common ancestor of
Fish and Humans
common ancestor of
Sharks, Fish, and Humans
Paraphyletic group
Consist of common ancestor but not all
descendents

Paraphyletic groups are unnatural, mengubah
sejarah evolusi, and tidak harus diakui
Lizards &
Snakes Crocodyles Birds Turtles
"Reptilia"
Reptilia here paraphyletic
Lizards &
Snakes Crocodyles Birds Turtles
Reptilia
Re-defined Reptilia monophyletic
Lizards &
Snakes Crocodyles Birds Turtles
Dinosaurs



Reptilia
Importance of systematics & evolution:
1) Foundation of biology - study of biodiversity
2) Basis for classification of life
3) Gives insight into biological processes:
speciation processes
adaptation to environment
4) Can be aesthetically/intellectually pleasing!
All of life is interconnected
by descent.
A B C D E F
TIME
lineage
or clade
Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree
TAXA
There are no higher or lower
species.
A B C D E F
TIME
lineage
or clade
Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree
TAXA
MODERN CLASSIFICATION
Since Linnaeus, the taxonomy system has
had some modifications as new methods of
classification have developed
MODERN CLASSIFICATION

Domains have been added as the largest taxon that
includes kingdoms
3 Domain System
Eukarya broken into four kingdoms
Protists, Fungi, Animals & Plants
Bacteria contains Kingdom Eubacteria which are more
common bacteria (ex. E. coli, Streptococcus)
Archaea contains Kingdom Archaebacteria which are
bacteria that live in extremely harsh environments
(poles, volcanic vents, hot springs, deep ocean
trenches)

Eubacteria common bacteria, very large group
Archaebacteria least complex, but may be
ancient ancestors of present day eukaryotes
*** archaebacteria & eubacteria used to be grouped
into one kingdom called Monera ***
Protista single-celled eukaryotic organisms,
very diverse and might be broken up into
separate kingdoms in the future
The number of kingdoms has also
changed --6 Kingdom System

Fungi not grouped with plants b/c of their
type of cell walls and how they obtain energy
Plantae cell walls are made of cellulose and
they are photosynthetic
Animalia most complex group, include
reptiles, birds, amphibians, mammals, fish,
insects, etc.
The number of kingdoms has also
changed --6 Kingdom System