CHAPTER 1:

FLUID PROPERTIES
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
Define Fluid
State differences between solid and fluid
Calculate common fluid properties:
i. Mass density
ii. Specific weight
iii. Relative density
iv. Dynamic viscosity
v. Kinematic viscosity
3
Gas Liquids Statics Dynamics
Air, He, Ar,
N
2
, etc.
Water, Oils,
Alcohols,
etc.
0 =
i
F
Viscous/Inviscid
Steady/Unsteady
Compressible/
Incompressible
0 >
i
F
Laminar/
Turbulent
, Flows
Compressibility Viscosity
Vapor
Pressure
Density
Pressure
Buoyancy
Stability
Chapter 1:
Introduction
Chapter 2: Fluid
Statics
Fluid Dynamics:
Rest of Course
Surface
Tension
Fluid Mechanics
INTRODUCTION
Fluid mechanics
1. study of forces and motions in fluids
2. study of how fluids move and the forces on them

Applications of fluid
mechanics
Aerodynamics
Bioengineering and biological systems
Combustion
Energy generation
Geology
Hydraulics and Hydrology
Hydrodynamics
Meteorology
Ocean and Coastal Engineering
Water Resources

History
Archimedes (287-212 B.C.) - calculation of the hydrostatic
buoyancy.
Leonardo da Vinci (1500)-calculation of the mass conservation,
reduction of flow resistance by form shaping, motion of waves,
the hydraulic jump and the flow turbulence, behavior of free jets
and wake flows


Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647) formulates a mathematical relation
for the friction-free calculation of the efflux of a liquid out from a
vessel.

Edme Mariotte (1628-1684) realizes a first test channel for measuring
the resistance of bodies in flows.

Isaac Newton (1643-1727) Flow mechanical processes. Postulates the
fluid resistance to be proportional to the velocity difference. As a
measure for the resistance of normal fluids (water, air) he introduces
the viscosity and flow behavior of a rotating cylinder.

Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782) Pressure change and the acceleration of a
fluid, introduces the term hydrodynamics.

Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) derives the basic equation of the friction-
free flow (Bernoulli equation) and introduces the field description that
a body with a friction-free flow around does not offer any resistance to
the flow.
Fluid
What is Fluid?
- substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied
shear stress
- shear stress is the stress component parallel to a given
surface
- consists 2 types, liquids & gases
- examples: air, water, gasoline, lubricating oil and milk


F
A
t o =
Solid
F V
A h
t =
Fluid
Characteristics of Fluids
Gas or liquid state
Large molecular spacing relative to a solid
Weak intermolecular cohesive forces
Can not resist a shear stress in a stationary
state
Will take the shape of its container
Generally considered a continuum
Viscosity distinguishes different types of fluids





Liquid & Gases
A liquid takes the shape of
the container it is in and
forms a free surface in the
presence of gravity
A gas expands until it
encounters the walls of the
container and fills the entire
available space. Gases
cannot form a free surface
Gas and vapor are often
used as synonymous words

Solid & Fluids
solid
liquid gas
Distinction between solid and fluid?
Solid: can resist an applied shear by deforming. Stress is proportional to
strain
Fluid: deforms continuously under applied shear. Stress is proportional to
strain rate
Liquid
further apart spaced
molecules
intermolecular forces are
smaller than for solids
molecules have more
freedom of movement

difficult to compress and
often regarded as being
incompressible
a given mass of liquid
occupies a given volume
and will occupy the
container it is in and form
a free surface (if the
container is of a larger
volume)

Gases
greater molecular spacing
and freedom of motion
with negligible cohesive
intermolecular forces -
easily deformed.
no fixed volume, it
changes volume to expand
to fill the containing vessel.
It will completely fill the
vessel so no free surface
is formed
easily to compress and
usually treated as such - it
changes volume with
pressure

# Liquids have higher
densities, viscosities
and refractive indices
than gases due to their
closer molecular spacing


Solid

resistance to
deformation and
changes of volume
atoms or molecules that
compose the solid are
packed closely together
fixed positions in space



Dimensions and Units
Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions.
The magnitudes assigned to dimensions are called units.
Primary dimensions include: mass m, length L, time t, and temperature T.
Secondary dimensions can be expressed in terms of primary dimensions
and include: velocity V, energy E, and volume V.
Unit systems include English system and the metric SI (International
System). We'll use both.
Dimensional homogeneity is a valuable tool in checking for errors. Make
sure every term in an equation has the same units.
Unity conversion ratios are helpful in converting units. Use them.
Primary Dimension

Secondary Dimension

Dimensions Associated with Common
Physical Quantities
Properties
Fluid Properties
Density
Specific weight
Specific gravity
Viscosity


Properties of Fluids: Density
v
m
=

u
1
=
The density of a fluid is defined as mass per unit volume.

Different fluids can vary greatly in density
Liquids densities do not vary much with pressure and
temperature
Gas densities can vary quite a bit with pressure and temperature
Density of water at 4 C : 1000 kg/m
3

Density of Air at 4 C : 1.20 kg/m
3
Alternatively, Specific Volume:
m = mass, and v = volume.
Example 1:

A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of
1200kg and a volume of 0.952 m
3.
Find the
glycerins weight (W) and mass density ()

F = W = ma
= (1200)(9.81)
= 11770N or 11.77 kN

= m/V
= 1200/0.952
= 1261 kg/m
3
Example 2:
A typical mud is 70 wt% sand and 30 wt% water.
What is its density? The sand is practically pure
quartz (SiO
2
), for which sand = 165lbm/ft
3

(2.65g/cm
3
)

Properties of Fluids: Specific Weight
g =
The specific weight of fluid is its weight per unit
volume.

Specific weight characterizes the weight of the fluid
system
Specific weight of water at 4 C : 9.80 kN/m
3
Specific weight of air at 4 C : 11.9 N/m
3

is the specific weight of the material (weight per unit
volume typically N/m
3
units)
is the density of the material (mass per unit volume,
typically kg/m
3
)
g is acceleration due to gravity (rate of change of
velocity, given in m/s
2
)
Example 3:
A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of
1200kg and a volume of 0.952 m
3
. Find the
specific weight ().

= (m/V ). g
= mg/V = ma/V
W = ma
= W/V
= 11.77kN/0.952 m
3
=
12.36 kN/m
3
Properties of Fluids: Specific
Gravity
O H
SG
2

=
The specific gravity of fluid is the ratio of the
density of the fluid to the density of water @ 4
C.

Gases have low specific gravities
A liquid such as Mercury has a high specific gravity, 13.2
The ratio is unitless.
Density of water at 4 C : 1000 kg/m
3

Example 4:

If the density of iron is 7850 kg/m
3
, 7.85 grams per
cubic centimeter (cm
3
), 7.85 kilograms per liter, or
7.85 metric tons per cubic meter - the specific
gravity of iron is:

SG = (7850 kg/m
3
) / (1000 kg/m
3
)
= 7.85
water density is 1000 kg/m
3


Viscosity
Procedure: Spoon out some water and turn the spoon
sideways. Almost all of the water quickly flows off the
spoon. Try the same thing with honey. The honey
moves very slowly, doesn't it?





Explanation: Honey has a much greater viscosity than
water. Viscosity is a measure of how strongly the
molecules in a particular fluid stick together. Its easy
to see that the honey molecules want to stay together
more than the water molecules do.


Viscosity
The properties of density and specific weight are measures
of the heaviness of a fluid
These properties are not sufficient to uniquely characterize
how fluids behave since two fluids can have approximately
the same value of density but behave quite differently when
flowing
Viscosity, , is the property of a fluid, due to cohesion and
interaction between molecules
Fluid with high viscosity such as syrup, deforms more slowly
than fluid with low viscosity such as water

Strain is a measure of how much a given displacement differs locally from
a rigid-body displacement.
Shear strain is a strain that acts parallel to the surface of a material that it
is acting on
Shear stress is defined as a stress which is applied parallel or tangential
to a face of a material
A shear stress is applied to the top of the square while the bottom is
held in place. This stress results in a strain, or deformation, changing
the square into a parallelogram.
Viscosity
Fluid element under a shear force
The shearing force F acts on
the area on the top of the
element.This area is given by A
= z x x
Thus, the shear stress is
equal to force per unit area
shear stress, =F/A
The deformation which this
shear stress causes is
measured by the size of the
angle and is known as
shear strain
In a solid shear strain, , is constant for a fixed shear stress .
In a fluid, increases for as long as is applied - the fluid flows.
Viscosity: Dynamic viscosity


Shear stress can be expressed in linear
relationship:


is called the absolute viscosity, dynamic
viscosity, or simply the viscosity of the fluid.
The viscosity depends on the particular fluid, and
for a particular fluid the viscosity is also
dependent on temperature.
In the SI system, the dynamic viscosity units are
N s/m
2
, Pa s or kg/m s where
1 Pa s = 1 N s/m
2
= 1 kg/m s
Also expressed in the metric CGS (centimeter-
gram-second) system as g/cm.s, dyne.s/cm
2
or
poise (p) where
1 poise = dyne s/cm
2
= g/cm s = 1/10 Pa s

dy
du
t =
Viscosity: Kinematic Viscosity

v =
Kinematic viscosity is frequently used to represent viscosity
Defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density
Used in the flow equations
The units: cSt, m
2
/s and ft
2
/s

Typical values:
Water =1.14 x10
-6
m
2
s
-1
, Air =1.46 x10
-5
m
2
s
-1
,
Mercury =1.145 x10
-4
m
2
s
-1
,
Paraffin Oil =2.375 x10
-3
m
2
s
-1

Example 1:

The density of an oil is 850 kg/m
3
. Find its relative
density and kinematic viscosity if the dynamic
viscosity is 5 x 10
-3
kg/ms.