Parul Institute of Eng &Tech.

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Subject Code :150906
Name Of Subject : Electrical Power Utilization &
Traction.


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Name of Unit : Electrolytic process
Topic : Principle and Faraday law of Electrolysis
Name of Faculty : Pratik patel

Name of Studnets:
Dhameliya Chirag.(en.no-100370119019/rol no- 58)
Patel Brijesh.(en.no-100370119018/ rol no-57)
Gandhi Nirav.(en.no-100370119020/ rol no-59)
Topic..
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Principle of faraday law.
Define electrolysis.
Values of DG and E
cell.

Electrolysis of water.
Some industrial application.
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Faraday's law
Faraday's 1st Law of
Electrolysis
- The mass of a substance altered at
an electrode during electrolysis is directly
proportional to the quantity of
electricitytransferred at that electrode.
Quantity of electricity refers to the quantity
of electrical charge, typically measured
in coulomb
Faraday's 2nd Law of
Electrolysis
For a given quantity of D.C electricity
(electric charge), the mass of
an elemental material altered at an
electrode is directly proportional to the
element'sequivalent weight. The
equivalent weight of a substance is
its molar mass divided by an integer that
depends on the reaction undergone by
the material.
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Electrolysis
The splitting (lysing) of a substance or
decomposing by forcing a current
through a cell to produce a chemical
change for which the cell potential is
negative.
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Electrolysis
electrolysis is a method of using
a direct electric current (DC) to drive
an otherwise non-spontaneous
chemical reaction. Electrolysis is
commercially highly important as a
stage in
the separation of elements from
naturally occurring sources such
as ores using anelectrolytic cell.
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8
Voltaic
Electrolytic
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10
Fig. 21.17
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Car battery, both voltaic and
electrochemical cell.
12
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Increase
oxidizing
power
Increase
reducing
power
A standard electrolytic cell. A power source forces
the opposite reaction
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Electrolysis
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(a) A silver-plated teapot. (b)
Schematic of the electroplating
of a spoon.
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Schematic of the
electroplating of a spoon.
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AgNO
3
(aq)
The electrolysis of water produces
hydrogen gas at the cathode (on the
right) and oxygen gas at the anode
(on the left).
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Electrolysis of water
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Electrolysis of water
At the anode (oxidation):
2H
2
O(l) + 2e
-
= H
2
(g) + 2OH
-
(aq) E=-0.42V

At the cathode (reduction):
2H
2
O(l) = O
2
(g) + 4H
+
(aq) + 4e
-
E= 0.82V
Overall reaction after multiplying anode
reaction by 2,
2H
2
O(l) = 2H
2
(g) + O
2
(g)
E
o
cell
= -0.42 -0.82 = -1.24 V
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Electrolysis: Consider the electrolysis of a solution
that is 1.00 M in each of CuSO
4
(aq) and NaCl(aq)
Oxidation possibilities follow.
2Cl

(aq) = Cl
2
(g) + 2e

E = 1.358 V
2SO
4
2
(aq) = S
2
O
8
2
(aq) + 2e

E = 2.01 V
2H
2
O = 4H
+
(aq) + O
2
(g) + 4e

E = 1.229 V

Reduction possibilities follow:
Na
+
(aq) + e

= Na(s) E = 2.713
V
Cu
2+
(aq) + 2e

= Cu(s) E = +0.337
V
2H
2
O + 2e

= H
2
(g) + 2OH

(aq) E = +0.828
V
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Electrolysis
We would choose the production of O
2
(g) and Cu(s).
But the voltage for producing O
2
(g) from solution is
considerably higher than the standard potential, because of
the high activation energy needed to form O
2
(g).
The voltage for this half cell seems to be closer to 1.5 V in
reality.
The result then is the production of Cl
2
(g) and Cu(s).
anode, oxidation: 2Cl

(aq) = Cl
2
(g) + 2e

E = 1.358 V
cathode, reduction: Cu
2+
(aq) + 2e

: Cu(s) E = +0.337 V

overall: CuCl
2
(aq) : Cu(s) + Cl
2
(g) E = 1.021 V
We must apply a voltage of more than +1.021 V to cause this
reaction to occur.
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Stoichiometry of electrolysis:
Relation between amounts of
charge and product
Faradays law of electrolysis relates to
the amount of substance produced at
each electrode is directly proportional
to the quantity of charge flowing
through the cell (half reaction).
Each balanced half-cell shows the
relationship between moles of
electrons and the product.
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Application of Faradays law
1. First balance the half-reactions to find
number of moles of electrons needed per
mole of product.
2. Use Faraday constant (F = 9.65E4 C/mol
e
-
) to find corresponding charge.
3. Use the molar mass of substance to find
the charge needed for a given mass of
product.
1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second or 1 A = 1 C/s
A x s = C
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Stoichiometry of Electrolysis
How much chemical change occurs with the
flow of a given current for a specified time?
current and time quantity of charge
moles of electrons moles of analyte
grams of analyte
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Fig. 21.20
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Doing work with electricity.
Industrial Applications of Electrolysis
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What chemical species would be present in a
vessel of molten sodium chloride, NaCl (l)?
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Na
+
Cl
-
Lets examine the electrolytic cell for molten NaCl.
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+ -
battery
Na (l)
electrode
half-cell
electrode
half-cell
Molten NaCl
Na
+
Cl
-
Cl
-
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
+ e
-
Na 2Cl
-
Cl
2
+ 2e
-
Cl
2
(g) escapes
Observe the reactions at the electrodes
NaCl (l)
(-)
Cl
-
(+)
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+ -
battery
e
-

e
-

NaCl (l)
(-) (+)
cathode
anode
Molten NaCl
Na
+
Cl
-
Cl
-
Cl
-
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
+ e
-
Na
2Cl
-
Cl
2
+ 2e
-
cations
migrate
toward
(-)
electrode
anions
migrate
toward
(+)
electrode
At the microscopic level
Molten NaCl Electrolytic Cell
cathode half-cell (-)
REDUCTION Na
+
+ e
-
Na

anode half-cell (+)
OXIDATION 2Cl
-
Cl
2
+ 2e
-

overall cell reaction
2Na
+
+ 2Cl
-
2Na + Cl
2

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X 2
Non-spontaneous reaction!
The Downs Cell for the Electrolysis of Molten Sodium Chloride
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If the products are mixed, the result is household bleach.
2 NaOH(aq) + Cl
2
(g) = NaCl(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + H
2
O
The Mercury Cell for Production of Chlorine and Sodium
Hydroxide
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A schematic diagram of an
electrolytic cell for producing
aluminum by the Hall-Heroult
process.
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Fig. 22.19 A
schematic diagram
of an electrolytic
cell for producing
aluminum by the
Hall-Heroult
process.
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The Hall Process for
Aluminum
Electrolysis of molten Al
2
O
3
mixed with
cryolite lowers melting point

Cell operates at high temperature
1000
o
C

Aluminum was a precious metal in 1886.

A block of aluminum is at the tip of the
Washington Monument!
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carbon-lined steel vessel
acts as cathode
CO
2

bubbles
Al (l)
Al
2
O
3
(l)
Draw
off
Al (l)
-
+
Cathode: Al
+3
+ 3e
-
Al (l)
Anode: 2 O
-2
+ C (s) CO
2
(g) + 4e
-
from
power
source
Al
+3
O
-2
O
-2
Al
+3
O
-2
graphite anodes
e
-
e
-

The Hall Process
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Cathode: Al
+3
+ 3e
-
Al (l)
Anode: 2 O
-2
+ C (s) CO
2
(g) + 4e
-
4 Al
+3
+ 6 O
-2
+ 3 C (s) 4 Al (l) + 3 CO
2
(g)
x 4
x 3
The graphite anode is consumed in the process.
: Production of solid Mg
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Thankyou.............

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