Chapter 1

Atomic Structures &

Bonding
Learning Objectives:
Describe the nature and structure of
an atom
Describe ionic, covalent, metallic,
van der Waals and mixed bonds
and note the differences between
them
Note what materials exhibit each of
the bonding types
orbital electrons:
n = principal
quantum number
n=3
2
1
Nucleus,
Z + N = # protons + # neutrons
Atomic mass A Z + N
Atomic weight is a dimensionless physical quantity, the ratio of the
average mass of atoms of an element (from a given source) to 1/12 of the
mass of an atom of carbon.
Example: Iron 58.85 g/mol
Electron?
Adapted from Fig. 2.1,
Callister 6e.
Atomic Structure
Avogadros Number = 6.023 x 10
23
atoms/mol
Atomic number:
Equal to the
number of
electrons or
protons
Ex: Iron
26 electron=26
protons
Valence electrons those in unfilled shells
Filled shells more stable
Valence electrons are most available for
bonding and tend to control the chemical
properties

example: C (atomic number = 6)

1s
2
2s
2
2p
2

1s
2s
2p
K-shell n = 1
L-shell n = 2
3s
3p
M-shell n = 3
3d
4s
4p
4d
Energy
N-shell n = 4
g
i
v
e

u
p

1
e
-

g
i
v
e

u
p

2
e
-

g
i
v
e

u
p

3
e
-

i
n
e
r
t

g
a
s
e
s

a
c
c
e
p
t

1
e
-

a
c
c
e
p
t

2
e
-

O
Se
Te
Po At
I
Br
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
F
Cl S
Li Be
H
Na Mg
Ba Cs
Ra Fr
Ca K Sc
Sr Rb Y
Electropositive elements:
Readily give up electrons
to become + ions.
Electronegative elements:
Readily acquire electrons
to become - ions
Smaller electronegativity
Larger electronegativity
Electronegativity
Values: 0.7 to 4
Larger values tendency to acquire electron. Increasing shielding
decreasing electronegativity

Atomic Bonding
Atomic Bonding
Primary Secondary Mixed
Involves e
-

transfer/sharing and
produces a strong joining
of adjacent atoms
Ionic
Metallic
Covalent
Involves weak attraction
between atoms
No e
-
transfer/sharing
van der Waals
Involves more than one
type of primary bond
Ionic-covalent
Metallic-covalent
Metallic-ionic
Ionic bonding
result of e
-
transfer from one atom to
another
Formed between highly electropositive
(metallic) elements and highly
electronegative (nonmetallic) elements
Due to coulombic attraction
Producing cations and anions
Nondirectional - +ve species attract ve
species in all direction ions stacked
together in a solid
Example??
Ionic bonding
11
Ionic bond metal + nonmetal

donates accepts
electrons electrons

Dissimilar electronegativities

ex: MgO Mg 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
O 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4

[Ne] 3s
2


Mg
2+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
O
2-
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6

[Ne] [Ne]
Electrical
conductivity poor;
the electrical charge
is transferred by the
movement of entire
ion. Because of their
size do not move as
easy as electrons

Brittle???

Covalent bonding
Cooperative sharing of valence electrons
between two adjacent atoms (atoms with small
differences in electronegativity and close to each
other in periodic table)
Highly directional (Example CH4- bond angle
109.5
O

Poor electrical and thermal conductivity,

For electron to move and carry current covelent
bond must be broken , required high temperature
or voltage




Covalent bonding
Metallic bonding
Occurs in solid metals
Involves e
-
sharing valence e
-

attracted to the nuclei of
neighboring atoms (delocalized e
-
)
electron cloud
Nondirectional atoms are packed
together in a systematic pattern or
crystalline structure
Al-give 3 electrons to form a sea of
electron
Metallic bonding
As electron are not fixed an any one
position , metals are good electrical
conductor. Under influence of applied
voltage, the valence electrons moves
18
Arises from interaction between dipoles
Permanent dipoles-molecule induced
Fluctuating dipoles
-general case:
-ex: liquid HCl
-ex: polymer
Adapted from Fig. 2.13,
Callister & Rethwisch 3e.
Adapted from Fig. 2.14,
Callister & Rethwisch 3e.
SECONDARY BONDING
asymmetric electron
clouds
+ - + -
secondary
bonding
H Cl H Cl
secondary
bonding
secondary
bonding
+ - + -
secondary bonding
van der Waals bonding
Somewhat similar to ionic bonding but
no e
-
transfer
Attraction depends on asymmetrical
distribution of positive and negative
charges within each atom or molecular
unit being bonded dipole
Permanent dipole between molecules
(water molecules, polyethylene)
Heating water breaks hydrogen bonding,
but much higher temperature needed to
break covalent bond joining hydrogen and
oxygen
Adapted from
Callister & Rethwisch 62.
Mixed bonding
Ionic-covalent semiconducting
compounds such as GaAs, ZnSe
Metallic-covalent occurs in
transition metals (Ti, Fe) high
T
melt

Metallic-ionic occurs in
intermetallic compounds (NaZn
13
,
Al
9
Co
3
, Fe
5
Zn
21
)
Bond energy