Polarization

In molecules, P=+E+E
2
+E
3
+
In materials, P=X
(o)
+X
(1)
E+X
(2)
E
2
+X
(3)
E
3
+

If multiple electric fields are applied, every possible
cross term is generated.
At sufficiently high values of E, quadratic or higher
terms become important and nonlinear effects
are induced in the fiber.
Polarization
Molecules and their dipole moments
Distortion of an electron cloud in response to an E-field
Non-linear Polarization
Nonlinear Effects
Stimulated Raman scattering
Stimulated Brillouin scattering
Four-wave Mixing
Self-phase Modulation
Cross-phase Modulation
Index of Refraction
Imaginary part of index:
absorption
For a sample of absorbance A and thickness
d, the imaginary part of the refractive index
is equal to


d
A
t

4
10 ln
max
Index of Refraction vs Wavelength
Refractive index vs Frequency for silica
Refractive Index for various materials
Wave slowing in a medium
of higher Index
Nonlinear index of refraction
Real part of index is best described as a
power series

n=n
1
+n
2
(P/A
eff
)

Term in parentheses is the intensity. For
silica fiber, n
2
~2.6x10
-11
m
2
/mW
Interaction Length



where (in cm
-1
) is the loss coefficient of the
fiber. 0.1 dB/km=2.3x10
-7
cm
-1
.
o
oL
eff
e
L

=
1
Nonlinear parameter




Propagation constant is power-dependent

eff
A
n

2
2
=
P
NL
| | + =
Propagation in Single Mode
Fiber
Understanding Fiber Optics-Hecht
Geometrical optics is not useful for
single mode fiber, must be handled by full E & M
treatment

Think of guiding as diffraction constrained by
refraction

Fields are evanescently damped in the cladding
Effective Length and effective area
Single Mode Gaussian
Approximation
Fundamentals of Photonics - Saleh and Teich
Fiber Optic Communiocation Systems - Agrawal
Gaussian Pulse Mode Field Diameter
Fiber Optics Communication Technology-Mynbaev & Scheiner
w
0
/a=0.65+1.619V
-3/2
+2.879V
-6
for
V between 1.2 and 2.4. Otherwise,
use w
0
/a=(ln V)
-1/2

Mitigation
If P is high in a fiber application, the
nonlinear component of the index is
minimized by increasing the effective area
of the fiber. Fiber designed for this
purpose is called LEAF fiber (Large
Effective Area).
Phase modulation
Self-modulation:
NL
= PL
eff

Cross-modulation:
NL
= 2P
other
L
eff


Effect of these phase changes is a
frequency chirp (frequency changes during
pulse), broadening pulse and reducing bit
rate-length product
Self Phase Modulation
Pulse Spreading due to Self
Phase Modulation
Gaussian Pulse in a Kerr Medium
Phase change of gaussian pulse
Instantaneous frequency shift
Instantaneous Frequency chirp
Solitons
Nonlinear scattering
Signal photon scatters off oscillation that is
present in the material, gains or loses
frequency equivalent to that of the material
oscillation
At high powers, beating of signal
frequency and scattered frequency
generates frequency component at the
difference that drives the material
oscillations

Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
Sound waves represent alternating
regions of compressed material and
expanded material
Index of refraction increases with density
of polarizable electrons and thus with
compression
Scattering is induced by index
discontinuities
SBS, continued
Transfer of energy into acoustic wave
results in backwards scattering in fiber
Brillouin frequency shift equal to 2nv/,
where n is the mode index and v is the
speed of sound in the material
For fiber, scattered light is 11 GHz lower in
frequency than signal wavelength (speed
of sound is 5.96 km/s)
Stimulated Raman scattering
Oscillations are Si-O bonds in the glass,
frequency 3.3x10
13
Hz
Scattered photon can come off decreased
by that amount (Stokes) or increased by
that amount (anti-Stokes)
Stokes shift scatters 1550 nm light up to
1870 nm light
Raman shift in silica
Spectrum shows major peaks at 1100,
800, and 450 cm
-1

Those vibrational oscillations occur at 33,
24, and 13.5 THz
Raman gain spectrum shows maximum at
12-14, 18, 24, and 33 THz