REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM CHAPTER I: The Problem and i! Ba"#$ro%nd INTRODUCTION Stirrups are the conventional shear reinforcement for reinforced concrete beams. Resistance to diagonal tension and crack propagation are the advantages of using this conventional shear reinforcement. ut on the other hand! some disadvantages have been found b" the researchers. The" think that this conventional shear reinforcement increases the labor cost and prolongs the casting of steel reinforcement as #ell as the forms. ecause of these! the researchers #ould like to present an alternative shear reinforcement that has a capabilit" similar to conventional$ the steel %ber. CONC&'TU() *R(+&,OR- ST(T&+&NT O* T.& 'RO)&+ The stud" aims to evaluate the ma/imum load of reinforced concrete beams utili0ing steel %ber as shear reinforcement. (t the end of the research the follo#ing concerns #ill be addressed1 2. ,hat are the e3ects of steel %ber #ith di3erent volume fraction 45.56! 5.786! 2.56 and 2.986: on reinforced concrete beam #ithout stirrups; 9. ased on the ma/imum load! #hat are the advantages of specimens #ith steel %ber over specimens containing stirrups; <. *or all the specimens tested in this stud"! #hich specimen #ill attain the highest ma/imum load; =. ,hat are the similarities bet#een specimens #ith steel %bers and specimens #ith stirrups based on the test result; 8. .o# consistent is the distribution of steel %bers on concrete mi/ture; >. ,hich specimens on t#o batches do not e/ceed the percentage error of 86; .?'OT.&S&S1 2. Inclusion of steel %ber in the concrete mi/ improves the ma/imum load of reinforced concrete beams. 9. Change in ma/imum load is directl" proportional to the change in volume fraction. <. Change in ma/imum load is directl" proportional to the change in number of stirrups. =. The mode of failure of the specimens is shear failure. O@&CTIA& O* T.& STUD? The main obBective of this stud" is to determine the possibilit" of utili0ing steel %bers as replacement for stirrups in reinforced concrete beam. Speci%call" the researchers #ould like to determine the follo#ing1 2. The ma/imum load of reinforced concrete beams #ith di3erent number of stirrups1 a. 5 b. < c. = d. 8 e. > 9. The ma/imum load of reinforced concrete beams #ith di3erent volume fraction1 a.5.786 b.2.56 c.2.986 <. Signi%cant di3erence bet#een the ma/imum load of reinforced concrete beams #ith di3erent number of stirrups and ma/imum load of reinforced concrete beams #ith di3erent volume fraction. CHAPTER II: RE&IE' OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURES R&AI&, O* R&)(T&D )IT&R(TUR& 4*OR&ICN (ND )OC():
Beha,ior o) Seel Fiber Rein)or"ed Con"ree Beam and Plae!
%nder Sai" Load -lo"al. CHAPTER III: RESEARCH DESI6N METHODOLO67 R&S&(RC. +&T.ODO)OC? This stud" aims to observe and evaluate the ma/imum load of reinforced concrete beam utili0ing steel %ber as shear reinforcement. This chapter illustrates the procedure and test used to attain the ma/imum load of the test specimens. Researchers prefer to use concrete #ith the mi/ture proportion ratio of 212.D81<.97 4b" #eight:. Test specimens #ith di3erent volume fraction #ill be compared to the specimens #ith di3erent numbers of conventional shear reinforcement 4stirrups: R&S&(RC. D&SICN The researchers used an e/perimental method of stud" #herein data gathering process and accurate interpretation of data is to be e/hibited based on the outcome of the procedures. The e/perimental method renders a logical and s"stematic #a" to kno# the possibilit" of steel %ber to replace conventional steel reinforcement 4stirrups:. To provide a precise ans#er to this! the researchers manipulated certain inEuences and observe ho# the condition or the behavior of the subBect is a3ected or change. The researchers had to isolate these inEuences in. such #a" that the" are sure that the e3ects that observe can be attributed and relevant. +(T&RI() US&D (ND T&ST S'&CI+&N D&T(I) The steel %ber that #ill be used in this stud" has a diameter of 5.78mm and length of =5mm! and having an aspect ratio 4lFd: of >7. +i/ture proportion ratio of 212.D81<.97 4b" #eight: #ill be used. ( total of eleven specimens #ill be tested in this stud". Researchers used a > inches b" > inches b" 92 inches rectangular reinforced concrete beam #ith < bars of 29mm diameter as longitudinal reinforcement. Di3erent volume fraction of steel %ber 45.56! 5.786! 5.786! 2.56! 2.56! 2.986 and 2.986: #ill be prepared for specimens (! 2! 9! C2! C9! D2! and D9 respectivel". These specimens do not contain stirrups. Specimens 9! C9! and D9! #ere provided to perceive the consistenc" of the steel %ber distribution into the concrete mi/ture. Specimens &! *! C and . have di3erent number of >mm diameter stirrups to sho# the change in ma/imum load. T&ST S'&CI+&NS GU()IT? T&ST O* +(T&RI()S S(e"i/" 6ra,i+ o) "emen -ASTM 8990:9 Den!i+ o) H+dra%li" Cemen. Uni 'ei$h o) A$$re$ae! -ASTM ;<0:9 Te! Mehod )or Uni and &oid! in A$$re$ae!. S(e"i/" 6ra,i+ o) he Coar!e A$$re$ae -ASTM C 8;:098 S(e"i/" 6ra,i+ and Ab!or(ion o) Coar!e A$$re$ae!. S(e"i/" 6ra,i+ o) Fine A$$re$ae -ASTM C 8;90:< S(e"i/" 6ra,i+ and Ab!or(ion o) Fine A$$re$ae!. Uni 'ei$h o) A$$re$ae! -ASTM C ;<0:9 Te! Mehod! )or Uni and &oid! in A$$re$ae!. Sie,e Anal+!i! o) A$$re$ae! -ASTM C 8=>09= Sie,e Anal+!i! o) Fine and Coar!e A$$re$ae!. (CI 922 CONCR&T& +IH D&SICN 'ROC&DUR& Sl%m( Te!: Te! )or Sl%m( o) Fre!h Con"ree -ASTM ;=809; Air Conen o) Fre!hl+ Mi?ed Con"ree b+ he Pre!!%re Mehod. Choi"e o) Ma?im%m Si@e o) A$$re$ae E!imaion o) Mi?in$ 'aer and Air Conen Sele"ion o) 'aer0Cemen or 'aer0 Cemeniio%! maerial raio Cal"%laion o) Cemen Conen E!imaion o) Fine A$$re$ae Conen AdA%!men )or A$$re$ae Moi!%re Trial Ba"h AdA%!men T&ST 'ROC&DUR& Specimens are to be designed in >inches b" >inches b" 92 inches rectangular beam mold. 'repare design mi/! #hich #ill be used all throughout the stud". Trial mi/es are to be conducted to achieve the desired compressive strength of concrete. (fter the trial mi/ has been establish! series of standard mi/ #ill produce #ith a standard 9D curing da"s. Then! prepare all specimens for third point loading tests. Record all data needed and assess the di3erences in their strengths. Data that #ill be presented on this stud" are to be recorded b" the researches in an accurate detailed manner based outcome of the test has been done. CURINC (ND C(STINC During mi/ing of the steel %ber to the mi/ed concrete! balling$up of steel %bers can be avoided b" feeding the %bers into the mi/ in small Juantities at a time. ,hen the %bers are uniforml" spread over the mi/! the mi/ture #ill be poured and compacted into the beam molds. Used oil is used as lubricant to cover the molds for the ease of releasing the specimens out of each mold. The specimens are hardened %rst for about 9= hours. (fter the hardening! the specimens are released out of the molds and placed at room temperature. (ll the specimens #ill undergo curing range of 9D da"s *)O, C.(RT 'ROC&DUR& CHAPTER I&: PRESENTATIONB ANAL7SIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 'R&S&NT(TION (ND (N()?SIS O* D(T( Specimen Volume Fraction Number of Stirrups Beam A 0.0% Beam B1 0.75% - Beam B2 0.75% - Beam C1 1.0% - Beam C2 1.0% - Beam D1 1.25% - Beam D2 1.25% - Beam E - 3 Beam F - 4 Beam G - 5 Beam H - 6 The table above sho#s the di3erent number of stirrups and di3erent volume fraction of the specimens. The researchers used four di3erent volume fractions ranging from 56 to 2.986 to establish the right amount of steel %bers to be added to the concrete mi/ to attain the most durable sample after several tests #ere conducted. T&ST R&SU)T S 'RO@&CTION O* S'R&CI+&N ,IT. STIRRU'S 5 < = 8 > 95 =5 >5 D5 255 295 2=5 2>5 Fi$%re C48 Te! Re!%l! ProAe"ion o) he S(e"imen! 2ih Sirr%(! *igure =.2 Test Results 'roBection of the Specimens #ith Stirrups *igure =.2 sho#s the ma/imum load proBection of reinforced concrete beams #ith stirrups as shear reinforcement. *rom this proBection! the ma/imum load increases #ith the increasing number of stirrups. (s e/pected! stirrups have an abilit" to resist shear in reinforced concrete beam. T&ST R&SU)T S 'RO@&CTION O* S'R&CI+&N ,IT. ST&&) *I&RS 42 ST (TC.: 95 =5 >5 D5 255 295 2=5 2>5 Fi$%re C4; Te! Re!%l! ProAe"ion o) he S(e"imen! 2ih Seel Fiber! -8! ba"h. *igure =.9 sho#s the ma/imum load proBection of the 2 st batch of reinforced concrete beams #ith steel %bers as shear reinforcement. *rom this %gure! the di3erent volume fraction a3ects the ma/imum load of reinforced concrete beams. (s the volume fraction increases! the ma/imum load increases as #ell. T&ST R&SU)T S 'RO@&CTION O* S'R&CI+&N ,IT. ST&&) *I&R& 49 ND (TC.: 95 =5 >5 D5 255 295 2=5 2>5 /$%re C4= e! re!%l! (roAe"ion o) he !(e"imen! 2ih !eel /ber! -;nd Ba"h. 9nd batch *igure =.< sho#s the ma/imum load proBection of the 9 nd batch of reinforced concrete beams #ith steel %bers as shear reinforcement. ased on the %gure sho#n! it sho#s that the ma/imum load increases #ith increasing volume fraction. Therefore! #e can sa" that steel %bers have the abilit" to resist shear in reinforced concrete beam. CO+'(RISON &T,&&N T,O (TC.&S O* S'&CI+&N ,IT. ST&&) *I&RS Specimen Vo!me F"ac#ion 1 $# Ba#c% &'() 2 n* Ba#c% &'() A+e"a,e &'() -e"cen#a, e E""o" &%) A 0.0% 5..047 5..047 5..047 0 B 0.75% 111.474 120.30/ 115./.1 3./1 C 1.0% 141.334 143.74 142.537 0./4 D 1.25% 147.74. 147.30/ 147.53 0.15 The table sho#s the comparison bet#een t#o batches of concrete mi/ed #ith steel %ber. These t#o batches of concrete mi/ture #ere made to perceive the consistenc" of the steel %ber distribution on the mi/ture. ased on the percentage error sho#n in the table! Specimen ! C and D have a percentage error of <.D26! 5.D=6! and 5.286 respectivel". Since the percentage error of t#o batches of concrete mi/ture #ith steel %bers is belo# the allo#able percentage error of 86! the distribution of steel %bers in each batch is considered consistent and #idel" spread. CO+'(RISON &T,&&N T,O (TC.&S O* S'&CI+&N ,IT. ST&&) *I&R 95 =5 >5 D5 255 295 2=5 2>5 2st atch 9nd atch (verage Figure 4.4 Com(ari!on be2een T2o Ba"he! o) S(e"imen! 2ih Seel Fiber!
*igure =.= sho#s the ma/imum load proBection of t#o batches of reinforced concrete beams #ith steel %bers. (lso! their average is proBected. (s #e can see from the %gure! the ma/imum load of the 2 st batch and 9 nd batch are almost eJual and their percentage errors do not e/ceed the allo#able error. ased on these results! #e can sa" that the distribution of steel %bers into t#o batches is consistent. Therefore! #e can use the ma/imum load of an" of the t#o batches. FI6URE C4D COMPARISONS BET'EEN TEST RESULTS OF SPECIMENS 'ITH STIRRUPS AND 'ITH STEEL FIBERS ( & * C C . D specimens #ith stirrups specimens #ith steel %ber *igure =.8 presents the comparison bet#een the test results of specimens #ith stirrups and specimens #ith steel %bers as shear reinforcement. Smaller value bet#een2 st batch and 9 nd batch #ere used to allo# the possibilit" of error in distribution of steel %ber in the concrete mi/ture. ased on the %gure! it is clearl" evident that steel %bers and stirrups can increase ma/imum load in reinforced concrete beams. +a/imum load in specimens #ith stirrups increases #ith increasing number of stirrups. (lso! ma/imum load in specimens #ith steel %bers increases #ith increasing volume fraction. ased also from the result! it is visibl" seen that specimens #ith steel %bers have an advantage over specimens #ith stirrups. The increase in ma/imum load of specimens #ith steel %bers is more than for the specimens containing stirrups. (lso! for the entire specimens tested! utmost ma/imum load is attained in specimen #ith steel %bers #hich is S'&CI+&N D2! #ith the ma/imum load of 2=7.7=K -N. These results support the use of steel %ber as replacement to conventional shear reinforcement 4stirrups: in reinforced concrete beams. GU()IT? T&ST R&SU)T Sample Quality Test Specification (ACI) Test esult emar!s Fine Grading Fineness Modulus 2.3-3.1 2.4 Passed Specific Gravity 2.3-2.9 2.55 Passed Moisture ontent 11.!2 Passed "#sorption $-1$% 5.$3% Passed &nit 'eig(t )oose *odded 12+$- 192$ 12+$- 192$ 14!+.2! 1,23.$2 Passed Passed Coarse Grading- "#rasion 5$% 23.+!% Passed Specific Gravity 2.5-3.$ 2.+3 Passed Moisture ontent $.544% Passed "#sorption $-2% $.!4,% Passed &nit 'eig(t )oose *odded 145$-1!5$ 145$-1!5$ 15,5.25, 1!4+.43+ Passed Passed Cement Specific Gravity 2.94-3.15 3.$2 Passed D&SICN +IHTUR& "ater (to be a##e#) $%& !g e-ent '&( .g oarse "ggregate /0et1 $$%% .g Fine "ggregate /0et1 &&% .g T)TA* +',( .g The E!imaed Ma!!e! (er Re"an$%lar Beam CONCRETE MIETURE PROPORTION RATIO 8:849D:=4;: ,&IC.T O* AO)U+& *R(CTION Specimen -e"cen# Vo!me F"ac#ion &%) Vo!me o0 S#ee 0i1e" &mm 3 ) 2ei,%# o0 S#ee Fi1e" &3,) A 0 0 0 B 0.75 .2.14.65 0.75 C 1.0 123//6.20 1.00 D 1.25 154/57.75 1.25 The Table sho#n above presents the #eight of steel %ber that #ill be added to the concrete mi/ture of specimen (! ! C! and D. The steel %bers #ill serve as the shear reinforcement of the specimen. CHAPTER &: SUMMAR7 OF FINDIN6S AND OBSER&ATIONSB CONCLUSIONSB AND RECOMMENDATIONS SU++(R? O* *INDINCS (ND OS&RA(TION (fter anal"0ing the data gathered and conducting series of tests! the researchers arrived to these %ndings and observations1 2. *or all the specimens tested in this stud"! highest ma/imum load #as attained in specimen #ith steel %bers #hich is S'&CI+&N D2 #ith a volume fraction of 2.986. This result supports the use of steel %ber as a replacement to conventional shear reinforcement 4stirrups:. 9. The ma/imum load of specimens #ith steel %bers increases #hen the volume fraction or steel %ber content also increases. *rom the result of the e/periment made! steel %ber #ith volume fraction of 56! 5.786! 2.556! and 2.986 had a ma/imum load of 8K.5=7-N! 222.=7=-N! 2=2.<<=-N! and 2=7.<5D-N respectivel". <. The ma/imum load of specimens #ith stirrups increases #ith increasing number of stirrups. *rom the result of the e/periment! specimens #ith di3erent number of stirrups of 5! <! =! 8! and > had a ma/imum load of 8K.5=7-N! D<.=K8-N! K7.=52-N! KK.227-N! and 25=.7>>-N respectivel". =. The ma/imum load of %rst batch and second batch of specimens #ith steel %bers are almost eJual. The percentage error for specimen ! C! and D are <.D26! 5.D=6! and 5.286 respectivel". These errors do not e/ceed the allo#able percentage error #hich is 86. 8. The increase in ma/imum load for specimens #ith steel %bers is more than the increase in ma/imum load for specimens #ith stirrups based on the test result. >. Shear failure is the mode of failure in all specimens tested in this stud". CONC)USIONS (fter the e/perimentation! the researchers arrived to these follo#ing conclusions1 2. Steel %bers can be used as a replacement to conventional shear reinforcement in reinforced concrete beams. 9. (ppl"ing steel %bers to the concrete mi/ture gives a good result in increasing the ma/imum load of reinforced concrete beams #ithout stirrups. (s the volume fraction increases! the ma/imum load increases as #ell. <. Test specimen #ith the highest volume fraction has the utmost ma/imum load. =. +ore signi%cant increase in ma/imum load #as found for the specimens #ith steel %bers because of their increased resistance to propagation of cracks. 8. The steel %bers and stirrups have the same function! as to resist shearing stress. >. The steel %bers can be consistentl" distributed in the reinforced concrete beams #ithout stirrups. R&CO+&ND(TIONS
Researchers recommend future
pursuers of this stud" to use other concrete mi/ture to kno# if the compressive strength of concrete a3ects the result of the test.
Researchers recommend using higher
volume fraction. Through this! #e #ill kno# the ma/imum volume fraction the beam could obtain.
Researchers recommend tr"ing three or
more batches of reinforced concrete beam #ith steel %bers to observe more of the consistenc" of the steel %ber distribution on concrete mi/.
Researchers recommend using di3erent
dimensions of beam to determine the e3ect of the si0e in the reinforced concrete beam #ith steel %bers.
ased on the results! the researchers
recommend to use steel %bers as shear reinforcement in reinforced concrete beam.