Photographic Emulsion

What is Photographic Emulsion in Particle

and Nuclear Physics?
PhotographicEmulsionparticledetectorsfeature
thehighestpositionandangularresolutioninthe
measurementoftracksofionizingparticles.

PhotographicEmulsion,usedtorecordthetracks
ofchargedparticles,isaphotographicplate.

Aphotographicemulsionconsistsofalarge
numberofsmallcrystalsofsilverhalide,mostly
bromide.

Thesensitivitytolighthasallowedsilverhalidesto
becomethebasisofmodernphotographic
materials.

Nuclear Disintegration
Photographic Emulsion
It is the layer of the film or paper that contains
the light sensitive material necessary to it to
actually work.
For example an old camera film is a
photographic emulsion. That film is, very
simply, a light-sensitive emulsion on a plastic
base.
Example bread on butter

Example
Old Camera film is an example of
photographic emulsion

Cont.
A photographic emulsion consists of a large
number of small crystals of silver halide,
mostly bromide.

The sensitivity to light has allowed silver
halides to become the basis of modern
photographic materials.
What is Nuclear Emulsion?(2)
Asilverhalideisoneofthecompoundsformedbetween
silverandoneofthehalogenssilverbromide(AgBr),
chloride(AgCl),iodide(AgI),andthreeformsofsilver
fluorides.

Themethodofrecordingtracksofchargedparticlesin
photographicplatesisbasedupontwoachievementsof
moderntechnology,thephotographicemulsionandthe
opticalmicroscopes.
Pion Interaction
Construction of Photographic emulsion
The light-sensitive part of a photographic
emulsion consists of a myriad of tiny (about a
micron) crystals of silver halide (mostly bromide).
These crystals are suspended in a medium
consisting mainly of a very pure form of gelatin
The resulting emulsion is thinly spread on a
supporting substrate such as a glass plate or
plastic film.
Cont.
The atoms in a silver bromide crystal exist as
ions.
Each bromine is a negative ion with an extra
electron.
Each silver is a positive ion with one electron
missing.
The combination, of course, has no net
electrical charge.
Latent Image
A latent image on photographic film is an
invisible image produced by the exposure of
the film to light.
During an exposure to light, a photon event
occurs when an incoming photon knocks off
the extra electron from one of the bromine
ions.
The former bromide ion is released from the
crystal as bromine and is absorbed by the
gelatin.
Cont.
The electron form a negative charged speck.
This now negatively charged speck attracts
positive silver ions which are neutralized to
form silver atoms.
This process is continue to happen until a
clump of silver atom is formed.
This clump of silver atoms is now large enough
that it has become a fully formed latent
image.

Ag
Br
Photon
Photon
Photon
Photon
Ag
Br
Ag+ Br-
Ag+ Br-
Ag+ Br + e-
Ag

Br
Development
This latent image is not visible yet.
We will further develop it to get the image.
Developable means that when an exposed
plate or film is placed in a developing solution.
Starting around the clump of silver atoms, the
chemical action of the developer progressively
converts the whole crystal into a grain of
metallic silver.

Cont.
Those silver halide crystals that are not
converted into silver metal during
development are removed from the emulsion
during the fixing process that follows.
The remaining part is now called the Negative.
Summary

Effect of Intensities of light
The Law of Reciprocity
it states that the photographic effect of an
exposure should be proportional to the
product of the light intensity (image irradiance
in photons/mm/second) multiplied times the
exposure duration (in seconds).
But there is failure of this law on high and low
intensities
At low intensity
Latent image is basically form in 2 stages.
First stage when the image is reversible due to
re-ionization at this stage image is called sub-
latent image.
Second stage when 4-6 silver atoms gather and
image become stable.
At low intensity photons come at very low
speed and silver atoms can re-ionized by
thermal ignition before gathering 4-6.
At high intensity
At high intensity the photons come in very
high speed and more photoelectrons produce
that require more silver ions. These silver ions
are not present at the time.
Photoelectrons repel each other and some
transfer to other place to neutralized.
This cause low efficiently in latent image.
Multiple photographic emulsion
From single photographic emulsion we get on
black & white image.
For color image we use different layers of
emulsion.
Each emulsion recording different color.
Between the emulsions are protective
interlayers and all of these layers together
aren't as thick as a human hair.



e
The PEP4/9-TPC
energy deposit
measurements
The Bethe-Bloch
Formula
Particle Identification.
In Emulsions, the grain density is proportional to
energy loss by ionization(Bethe-Bloch)

If the momentum known, dE/dx allows the particle
identification.

If the Momentum unknown, the combined
measurement of momentum(P by MCS) and
grain density allows particle identification.

2
=p
2
/(p
2
+m
2
)
References
http://www.camerabooks.com/Custom.aspx?i
d=5ed3b85d-9c65-429b-b561-b61b89902b72
http://www.silverlight.co.uk/tutorials/basicpf/
latent.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_e
mulsion
www.kodak.com/bglobal/en/consumer/educa
tion/lessonplans/lessonplan152.shtml