CB204

ELECTRICAL SERVICES
PRESENTATION 3
DPB2C
Nama No marik
NAFZIAH B SALEHUDIN O3DPB13F1030
NUR ANIS RAMIZAH B HAMZAH 03dpb13f1033
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Nur farrahin b mustafa 03dpb13f1081
TOPIC 7
EARTHING
Earthing in electricity is the process of installing a protective
earth wire into the surface of the earth to limit chances of an
electric shock occurring, in electrical objects with insulation
faults. In addition to limiting electric shocks, earth connections
are important in electric gadgets, which require surge
suppression and protection from electromagnetic interference.
Earthing system is designed followed by electrical system
required and the application.It have different earthing system
for each electrical application such as consumer power supply
,substation ,offshore, ships, underground system ,generator and
over head system.


DIFINATION OF EARTHING
IMPORTANCE OF EARTHING IN
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Earthing or grounding means to connect any electrical appliance,
machine or equipment at zero potential of genaral mass of earth
with wire connected with the earth electrode burried in the earth at
the moistened place.

Earthing is as important as the fuses in the wiring circuits i.e.in the
case of short circuits or over loads, the heavy current flows through
the wires and fitting etc. which melts the fuse wire and stops the
flow of current in the circuits, thus save the whole circuit from being
damaged.

Similarly, when any live or phase wire touches the metal part of the
fitting, appliance, machine or equipment, the current passes
through the earth wire, if the appliance, equipment or machine etc.
are connected with proper earth connnection, blows the fuse atonce
and saves the operator from getting shock. Thus to avoid these
dangers, all metal parts of the fitting, appliances, equipment,
machines etc are earthed
TYPES OF EARTHING SYSTEMS
TT
SYSTEM
IT
SYSTEM
TN-S
SYSTEM
TN-C
SYSTEM
TN-C-S
SYSTEM
TT SYSTEM
This system normally used for consumer power supply .No earthing
system provided by power distributor.The owner must install the
earthing protection by their own connection to the earth.They must
installing a suitable electrode and safe arrangement for which they
are responsibility to their installation

The neutral and earthing conductor must be separately through
the installation because power distributor only provide the supply
neutral or protective conductor for the connection to consumer.

The advantage of this system is it clear from the noise of high or low
frequency,not have risk of neutral broken or failure and suitable for
special application like telecommunication.TT system is suitable for
premises where all AC power circuits are residual current device
(RCD) protected.
IT SYSTEM
This system is similar with TT system but totally
different in earthing supply.The distributor system not
have any connection to earth or it have only a high
impedance connection.It mean the usual protection is
not effective for this system.

This type is not for consumer power supply.It special for
power distributor such as substation or generator area.
TN SYSTEM
This system has the neutral of power supply with connection of
earth only at one point to the source.the consumers earthing
terminal is usually connected to the metallic Armour of the
distributors cable into the HV / LV transformer.

It is commonly used for underground power supply to the
premise or factory from the distributor substation to customer
substation.This earth terminal is connected by the supply
protective conductor (PE) back to the star point (neutral) of the
secondary winding of the supply transformer, which is also
connected at that point to an earth electrode.
TN-S SYSTEM
This system has the neutral of power supply with connection of
earth only at one point to the source.the consumers earthing
terminal is usually connected to the metallic Armour of the
distributors cable into the HV / LV transformer.

It is commonly used for underground power supply to the
premise or factory from the distributor substation to customer
substation.This earth terminal is connected by the supply
protective conductor (PE) back to the star point (neutral) of the
secondary winding of the supply transformer, which is also
connected at that point to an earth electrode.
TN-C-S SYSTEM
This system has the supply neutral conductor of a distribution
main connected with earth at source as protective multiple
earthing (PME).The supply distributor neutral conductor is also
used to return earth fault currents from the
consumer installation back to the source with a safely manner.

The power supply distributor will provide a consumers earthing
terminal which is linked to the incoming neutral conductor.This
combined earth and neutral system called the protective and
neutral conductor (PEN) or the combined neutral and earth
conductor (CNE).
TN-C SYSTEM
This system is not familiar or unusual for earthing system.It a
combined PEN conductor fulfills the functions of both a PE and
an N conductor.The PEN conductor is the sheath of a cable and
therefore is concentric with (totally surrounds) the phase
conductor(s).

For wiring or cabling purpose,the suitable material is uses
mineral insulated cable, the metallic copper sheath being the
combined neutral and earth conductor.Normally this system
used for ships or offshore platform earthing system.RCD
protected is not function properly for this system.

THINGS NEED FOR EARTHING:

All structure metal in system wiring (that not
bringing current) like metallic
coating,shield conduit, canal, trunk, catenary wire and
so on.

Structure metal that is exposed to
all equipments including those not related
toelectric like water pipe, house framework and so on.

A secondary cause coil for converter.

THE INSTALLATION METHOD
Our organization is engaged in providing a comprehensive
range of Earthing Electrodes that includes various models
of earthing solutions to suit residential, industrial and
commercial requirements with Copper and GI electrodes.

Our range of products is widely acclaimed for features like
reliability in performance, high conductivity and less
maintenance.

We are equipped to provide consultation services and
Earthing solutions to variety of business and industry i.e.
engineering industry, Hospitals, Shopping malls, Airports,
Solar systems, Substations from drawing board stage to
commissioning.