Micronutrients in Plants List elements required by plants, Classify elements required by plants based on the amount needed, Relate the effects of macronutrient deficiency in plants. Explain the function of each macronutrient in plants, State the function of micronutrients & effects of micronutrient deficiency in plants. MACROnutrients : needed in LARGER quantities Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Potassium (Kalium), Calcium, Magnesium & Sulphur. MICROnutrients : needed in SMALLER quantities. Boron, Molybdenum, Zinc, Manganese, Copper & Ferum Table 1 Wilhelm Knop (scientist) successfully prepared a solution which can provide a plant with all the nutrients it needs The solution is known as Knops Solution. Calcium nitrate, Ca(NO 3 ) 2 0.8g Potassium nitrate, KNO 3 0.2g Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, KH 2 PO 4 0.2g Magnesium sulphate, MgSO 4 0.2g Ferum (III) phosphate, FePO 4 Trace Distilled water 1 litre LEARNING OUTCOMES Describe the development that leads to the discovery of photosynthesis, State the substances required for photosynthesis, State the substances produced from photosynthesis, Draw & label the cross section of leaf State the function of each part of the leaf with respect to photosynthesis, Explain leaf adaptation to optimise photosynthesis, Explain how plants from different habitats are adapted to carry out photosynthesis. The Discovery of Photosynthesis 1692 Dutch scientist, Van Helmont carried out an investigation to study the nutrition of plants. He filled a big pot with exactly 91kg of dry soil planted a plant (2.4kg) the surface covered with a metal sheet with small holes to allow water to enter Van watered the plants for 5 years consistently plant (increased to 75kg), soil (decreased by 0.057kg) Van Helmont concluded that the increase in weight of the plant came from the water & not the soil. The Discovery of Photosynthesis 1772 Joseph Priestly carried out an experiment using mouse, candle & plants. The plant had changed the air in the container. 1770s Jan Ingenhouse discovered that a plant could only change the air container if there was light. He also discovered that only the green parts of the plant were able to do so. (light & chlorophyll both play a part in photosynthesis0 1780s Jean Senebier showed that the plants gave out oxygen when they were provided with CO 2 The biochemical process through which light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, and is used to fuel the synthesis of sugar molecules
The process where organic compounds are synthesised from water & carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight & chlorophyll. Adaptations of Leaf for Optimal Photosynthesis The internal structure of a leaf, the shape of a leaf & the arrangement of leaves on a plants are all adapted for obtaining optimum light & CO 2 Table 2 The shape of a leaf is also adapted for photosynthesis. Most leaves are broad & thin. Large surface area enables the leaf to absorb maximum light & CO 2 The thinness light & CO 2 need not travel too far to reach every mesophyll cell Adaptations of Leaf for Optimal Photosynthesis The arrangement of leaves is also adapted to optimize photosynthesis.
Most plants spread out their leaves in such a way that there is minimal overlapping known as leaf mosaic every leaf can receive sunlight. ADAPTATION OF PLANTS FROM DIFFERENT HABITATS FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS Two main aspects : The distribution of stomata The distribution of chloroplasts
Examples : Hibiscus : land Water lily : water surface Hydrilla : in the water Cactus : desert To identify the parts of chloroplast related to photosynthesis, To explain the light reaction & dark reaction of photosynthesis, To compare & contrast light reaction & dark reaction in photosynthesis, To relate light reaction with dark reaction in photosynthesis, To write an equation to represent the process of photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs in in the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells & guard cells of the leaf. Consist of two part : stroma & grana Each granum contain chlorophyll that absorb energy of sunlight
The process of photosynthesis is divided into two : Light reaction Dark reaction Light reaction : occurs in the granum (contain chlorophyll) photolysis of water Dark reaction : occurs in the stroma (gel-like matrix contain enzymes) CO 2 is reduced to carbohydrate in a process called fixation of CO 2
(reduction of CO 2 ) LIGHT REACTION Occurs in granum Chlorophyll captures light excites the electrons of chlorophyll to higher level Light energy is used to split the water molecules hydroxyl ions + hydrogen ions (photolysis of water) 4H 2 O 4H + + 4(OH) - The hydrogen ions combine with the electrons released by chlorophyll to from hydrogen atoms 4(H)+ + 4 electrons 4(H) sunlight chlorophyll LIGHT REACTION The hydrogen atom are used in dark reaction to reduce CO 2 . Each hydroxyl ion loses an electron to the chlorophyll hydroxyl groups combine together to form H 2 O & O 2 4(OH) - - 4 electrons 4(OH) 4(OH) 2H 2 O + O 2 Oxygen is released into the atmosphere & later used for cellular respiration Energy released from the excited electrons is used to form ATP DARK REACTION Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast Hydrogen atoms from light reaction are used in dark reaction to reduce carbon dioxide to basic units of glucose (CH 2 O) Involves a series of complex chemical reactions which require enzymes CO 2 + 4(H) (CH 2 O) + H 2 O Six units of (CH2O) combine together to form a molecule of glucose DARK REACTION 6(CH 2 O) C 6 H 12 O 6 Glucose is converted into starch, cellulose, sucrose & lipids. When combined with nitrogen protein Overall process : 12H 2 O + 6CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 + 6H 2 O
Water + carbon dioxide glucose + oxygen + water sunlight chlorophyll sunlight chlorophyll COMPARISON OF LIGHT REACTION & DARK REACTION LIGHT REACTION DARK REACTION SIMILARITIES Both occur in the chloroplast Both involve chemical reactions Both are reactions related to photosynthesis Both occur during the day DIFFERENCES Occurs in granum Occurs in stroma Requires sunlight Does not require sunlight Involves photolysis of water Involves reduction of carbon dioxide Produces water & oxygen Produces glucose Substance required in reaction is water Substance required in reaction is carbon dioxide Identify the factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis, Identify the factor that limits the rate of photosynthesis at different light intensities, Explain the effects of temperature & concentration of CO2 on the rate of photosynthesis, Explain the difference in the rate of photosynthesis in plants throughout the day based on the changes in light intensity & temperature, Identify some ways to meet the need of increasing the productivity of crops based on factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis. CONCENTRATION OF CO 2 Conc. of CO2 in the atmosphere varies between 0.03% to 0.04% Light intensity & temperature are kept constant the rate of photosynthesis increases until a saturation point is reach After this point, any further increase in the conc. of CO2 has no effect on the rate of photosynthesis Limited by other factors (light intensity), not enough to increase the rate of photosynthesis Effect of concentration of CO2 on the rate of photosynthesis 0 2 4 6 8 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 concentration of CO2 r a t e
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p h o t o s y n t h e s i s LIGHT INTENSITY
Temperature & concentration of CO2 are kept constant, the rate of photosynthesis can be increased by increasing the light intensity up to the light saturation point. After this point, any further increase in light intensity has no effect on the rate of photosynthesis (limiting factor : CO2 conc.) Can be increased by increasing the CO2 conc. Effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis at different levels of CO2 concentration 0 2 4 6 8 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 light intensity r a t e
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p h o t o s y n t h e s i s karbon dioksida t inggi karbon dioksida rendah TEMPERATURE Dark reaction involves enzymes The rate of photosynthesis increases as the temperature increase enzymes more active Optimum temp. is between 30 o C to 35 o C >40oC, the rate of reaction decrease enzymes denatured photosynthesis stops If the light intensity is too low, any increase in temperature will not increase the rate of photosynthesis Effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis at different light intensity 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 temperature r a t e
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p h o t o s y n t h e s i s RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS THROUGHOUT THE DAY WITH THE CHANGES IN LIGHT INTENSITY & TEMPERATURE Closely related & change throughout the day Light intensity high, the temperature is also high. Tropical country, LI & T are at their maximum at noon time. The rate of photosynthesis is also maximum. If temperature increases above 40 o C, the rate of photosynthesis decreases. In temperate country (4 seasons), LI & T change throughout the year. Winter : LI & T are very low. Photosynthesis hardly occurs Autumn : the rate of photosynthesis is at its lowest plants shed their leaves & light intensity as well as the temperature are very low Summer : LI & T are at their optimum level for photosynthesis, the rate of photosynthesis is at its max. Summer is the best time for agricultural To overcome the problem, the plants need to be planted in greenhouse. In a greenhouse, the conc. of carbon dioxide, temperature & light intensity are at optimum levels for photosynthesis. The rate of photosynthesis is at its maximum throughout the year, ensure the crop production throughout the year. 6.13 Practising a Caring Attitude Towards Plants Must be thankful to plants & practise a caring attitude towards them Why? Plants produce food as a source of energy for us, maintaining the oxygen & carbon dioxide content in atmosphere Without plants, there will be more CO2 & less O2 in the atmosphere cause global warming Not destroy forests @ chop down plants indiscriminately. Should grow more plants around us. 6.14 Technology in Food Production To improve the quality & quantity of food production in Malaysia through : Direct seeding from rice Hydroponics & aeroponics Breeding Tissue culture Genetic engineering Soil management Biological control Fresh food can last only for a short time, easily spoilt. Need to be processed in order to last longer Technology for food processing : Changing raw food materials to other forms Adding certain chemical The necessity for food processing are : Destroying m/organisms Extending the lifespan of food Avoiding food wastage Diversifying the uses of food, like milk & dairy products Ensuring sufficient food supply because processed food can last longer & they can be easily sent to places with insufficient food supply FOOD PROCESSING METHODS Cooking (to kill the bad bacteria) Using salt, sugar & vinegar (osmosis) Fermentation process (yeast is used glucose ethanol + CO2) Drying (dehydration) Pasteurisation (heated to certain temp and rapid cooling) Canning (sterilised at high temp, above 120oC, the container is vacuum to kill bacteria, prevent bacteria from growing) Refrigeration (slow down the action of microorganism, temp low to -15oC)