Cogeneration

INTRODUCTION:
Cogeneration, also known as Combined Heat
and Power, or CHP, is the production of
electricity and heat in one single process for
dual output streams.
Cogeneration also helps save energy costs,
improves energy security of supply, and
creates jobs. It is the most efficient way to
use fuel.

Key points
The heat produced by cogeneration can be delivered
through various mediums, including warm water (e.g., for
space heating and hot water systems), steam or hot air
(e.g., for commercial and industrial uses).
It is also possible to do trigeneration, the production of
electricity, heat and cooling
(through an absorption chiller) in one single process.
Trigeneration:
Trigeneration is an attractive
option in situations where all
three needs exist, such as in
production processes with
cooling requirements.
Scope of Co generation:
In recent years cogeneration has become an attractive and
practical proposition for a wide range of applications.
These include the process industries
pharmaceuticals,
Paper and board,
brewing,
ceramics, brick, cement, food, textile, minerals etc.),
Commercial sector
Commercial and public sector buildings
Hotel
Hospitals,
Leisure centers ,
Swimming pools,
Universities,
Airports,
Offices,
Barracks, etc.
and district heating schemes.
COGENERATION TYPES

Topping System
Electricity is produced first and
the thermal
energy exhausted is captured for
further use
in the process
Bottoming System
Usable thermal energy is extracted from a
waste stream (after it has been used in a
process) to produce power, usually for
driving a turbine to generate electricity
Bottoming System
In a bottoming cycle, the primary fuel
produces high temperature thermal
energy and the heat rejected from the
process is used to generate power
through a recovery boiler and a turbine
generator
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To evaluate cogeneration
For an economical evaluation of co gen.
plant some thermodynamically related
quantities are required
Net power output
Heat load
Net electrical efficiency
Fuel utilization
Net power output
The net power output is the
amount of power that can be
delivered from power plant.
This quantity is equal to
difference between total
generated power and plant
internal consumption of power
Heat load
The heat load is the amount of net useful
heat extracted to an external process from
the plant which is
Q =m (H out-H in )
H out =Energy of steam supplied to external process
H in =Enthalpy of return steam or condensate from
external process
Net Electrical efficiency
The ratio between the net
power output and fuel
energy input both for gas
turbine and supplementary
burner based on the lower
heating value
Fuel Utilization
Ratio between total useful energy output
from plant and total energy input based
on lower heating value it can be denoted
as combined heat and power (CHP)

Efficiencies of Generation
Cycles
Type of Generation Efficiency
Thermal Plants (Coal Based) 30 to 40%
Thermal Plants (Gas Turbine) 25 to 30%
Combined Cycle 55 to 60%
Co Generation 60 to 70%

Advantages of Co-gen in the present
Power Sector Scenario
Act as a Booster station
Self reliance
It can maintain grid stability
Pollution reduction & Environnemental
friendly
Helps to meet the national target of 10%
of power
It offers cheap power in the long term