Healthy living to prevent Non-

communicable diseases
Prepared by:
Ms. June Pearl D. Dizon
Communicable or Infectious Diseases
Are illnesses, caused by pathogens (are organism
which are mostly microorganisms and can only be
seen through microscope) that are easily passed on
from one to another.
is a disease that spreads from person to person.
Communicable diseases are diseases that you can
"catch" from someone or something else. Some
people may use the words contagious or infectious
when talking about communicable diseases.
Non- Communicable or non-Infectious
Diseases
Are non-infectious diseases that are not caused by
pathogens and cannot be transferred from one
person to another. These diseases are also known
as lifestyle diseases because much of the risk
factors are associated with human behavior on
nutrition, physical activities, smoking, alcohol
consumption and others.
Non-communicable diseases

The WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
(WHO) includes cardiovascular diseases,
cancer, diabetes, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disorders (COPD or Chronic
respiratory diseases, mental illness and
injuries as the common non-communicable
diseases.

What are germs?

Germs are tiny organisms (living things) that may cause disease.
Germs are so small and sneaky that they creep into our body
without being noticed. In fact, germs are so tiny that you need to
use a microscope to see them. Germs are microbes. A Microbe is a
tiny living organism that can only be seen with a microscope.
Microbes are the smallest form of life on Earth. Microbes can be
found virtually anywhere - in air, water, plants, animals and
humans. A Germ is a microorganism that causes disease. Germs
are also known as pathogens.
These harmful microbes can enter our body through direct or
indirect contact, through a pathogen- carrier organisms.
Cont
Non-communicable diseases are identified globally
as a major cause of morbidity and mortality.

MORTALITY- refers to the measure on deaths.
MORBIDITY- is the degree or severity of disease.
PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENT
ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL
CONSTRAINT
CULTURAL BELIEFS
EDUCATION

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OF
DISEASE AND HEALTH PROBLEMS
1. Unhealthy diet
Is composed of energy-dense food which
are high in fats, low in fibers and poor in
essential nutrients.
2. Malnutrition
refers to the condition that develops when
the body does not get the right amount of
nutrients it needs for healthy body
functioning, resulting in different health
problems.


RISK FACTORS OF NON-
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
3. Obesity
Is a body condition wherein a person has
excessive fat. This condition elevates blood
cholesterol and causes a build up of arteries.
4. Smoking
Accounts for the high rate of cancer, heart and
lung diseases. Various harmful substances
including nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide
among others, are present in tobacco smoke and
are detrimental to the health of smokers even
to non-smokers.


RISK FACTORS OF NON-
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
5. Alcohol
Is a central nervous system
depressant. When taken, alcohol
irritates delicate membranes of the
digestive system and also result in
damage to the brain, liver and lungs.



RISK FACTORS OF NON-
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Elements of Chain of Infection
Causative agents
Are the pathogens or infectious microbes which cause
diseases as it grow and multiply in the body of a host. These
infectious microorganisms include the various species of
bacteria, fungi, virus, rickettsia, protozoa, and parasitic
worm.

PATHOGEN

CHARACTERISTICS

WAY OF ATTACK

DISEASES

Virus
Smallest pathogen
Can infect all living organism.
Cannot reproduce without
host cells.
penetrate host
cells to replicate
Measles,
common cold,
warts, polio,
mumps, flu, HIV,
Chicken pox,
hepatitis

Bacteria
Single-celled microorganism.
common types are the bacilli,
cocci and spirilla
Some are beneficial some
release harmful toxins.
Release toxins Tuberculosis,
anthrax, typhoid,
cholera,
syphilis,
meningitis,
pneumonia,
tetanus

Fungi
single or multi-celled plantlike
organisms.
form spores and live on moist
environment on skin, mucous
membrane and lungs.
release
enzymes that
digest host cells
Athletes foot,
tinea, flava,
ringworm.

PATHOGEN

CHARACTERISTICS

WAY OF ATTACK

DISEASES

Protozoa
single-celled organism
Reproduce sexual and asexual
Produce toxins
They live in water or at least
where it is damp
release toxins
and enzymes
Malaria,
amoebiasis,
African sleeping,
sickness,
dysentery

Rickettsia
Tiny-single-celled organism
Carried by other parasites like
flea, lice and ticks.
Intracellular
parasites which
are transported
by vectors
Typhus,
spotted fever, Q-
fever

Parasitic
worm
multi-celled largest pathogens
helminthes or worm-like
organisms that live with living
hosts.
disrupt nutrient
absorption of the
host cells.
Tapeworm,
ascaris
hookworm,
pinworm,
filariasis.
Reservoir
Is the usual habitat of the pathogens. It has favorable conditions for
the pathogens to live and multiply. This reservoir could be human or
animal body that could be clinically infected with the pathogen or
could be merely carrier who has the infection but are not ill. Another
is the environment.
Elements of Chain of Infection
Portal of Exit
Is the route by which the pathogens may escape from the
reservoir. The principal portals include the respiratory,
urinary, digestive, reproductive and excretory system.
Elements of Chain of Infection
Mode of Transmission
Is the method by which pathogens are transferred to one
another or from reservoir to susceptible host. Two basic
mode of transmission are direct and indirect contact.
Elements of Chain of Infection
Portal of Entry
Is the point where the causative agent can enter and attack
a susceptible host. It is almost the same point with the
portal of exit.
Elements of Chain of Infection
Susceptible host
Is the organism or individual invaded by the pathogens.
Susceptibility is affected by generic factors, general
resistance factors and specific acquired immunity.
Elements of Chain of Infection
Incubation stage
Is the time between initial infection and appearance of
symptoms. Some incubation period can be short as few hours
like common colds while some may take some years like AIDS.
STAGES OF INFECTION
Prodomal stage
Symptoms are felt as the body begins to react with the
pathogens that continue to multiply. During this period, the
disease is highly cimmunicable.
STAGES OF INFECTION
Clinical or illness stage
Is the worst point of the disease where all clinical signs and
symptoms can be completely identified and appropriately
analyzed.
STAGES OF INFECTION
Decline stage
The infection is reduced and the host starts to feel good yet
cannot still return to normal activities.
STAGES OF INFECTION
Recovery stage
Is the time when improvement seems complete. However the
disease may still be communicable. Recovery may come with
the immunity, without immunity or without further
symptoms yet carrier of infection.
STAGES OF INFECTION
Relapse
The host may relapse in which one may recover from disease
but may not have immunity and be affected again by the
same infection which could be more difficult for the host.
STAGES OF INFECTION
Immunity
Is the resistance to disease through the activities of our immune system.
Our immune system is composed of cells, tissues, chemicals, and body
organs that fight pathogens and harmful organism in the blood. The
body has three lines of defense against infection namely structural,
cellular and immune.
Enhance body defense and
resitsance
1. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
Develop when there in an abnormality on the
flow of blood through the heart and through the
body, with disorders of the heart and blood
vessels including coronary heart disease (heart
attacks), cerebrovascular disease (stroke),
raised blood pressure (hypertension), etc., the
major causes of cardiovascular disease are
tobacco or cigarette use, physical inactivity and
an unhealthy diet.


Common non-communicable
diseases
2. CANCER
Refers to a large group of diseases
characterized by the uncontrolled growth of
abnormal cells that form a mass of tissue called
a tumor. Some tumors are benign and which are
not cancerous and may grow larger but do not
spread to other parts. Cancerous tumors are
called malignant tumors and which infect nearby
tissues and spread to other parts.


Common non-communicable
diseases
2. CANCER
Common types of cancer.
Carcinoma- most common form of cancer
Breast cancer- cancers originating from breast tissue.
Prostate cancer- occurs when cells in the prostate
gland grow out of control
Lung cancer- uncontrolled growth of tissue in the lungs
Lymphomas- are cancer in the lymphatic tissues w/
abnormal production of white cells resulting weakening
of immune systems.
Leukemia- is the cancer of the blood or bone marrow
causing the abnormal production of blood cells, usually
of white blood cells.



Common non-communicable
diseases
3. DIABETES MELLITUS
Results from low production of insulin from the
pancreas and the inability to break down sugar,
causing a build up of sugar in the blood. The
earliest symptoms of diabetes are excessive
urination, unusual thirstiness, irritability,
blurred visions, frequent infections, extreme
hunger and sudden weight loss.


Common non-communicable
diseases