Digital T-Carriers &

Multiplexing
ECE 123
John Exim
T Carrier Systems
European Digital Carrier System
Digital Carrier Frame Synchronization
Bit VS Word Interleaving
Statistical Time-Division Multiplexing

T-Carrier Systems

refers to one of several digital transmission systems developed by Bell Labs

used for the transmission of PCM-encoded time-division multiplexed digital
signals
Regenerative Repeater
Amplifier/
Equalizer
Timing clock
Regenerator
Received deteriorated pulses
Reshaped pulses
Recovered clock
T1 Carrier Systems
Designed to combine PCM & TDM techniques for short-haul transmission of 24 64-
kbps channels
A hardware specification for telecommunications trunking
maximum data transmission rate is 1.544 megabits per second
Typically range from 1 mile to over 50 miles
Uses BPRZ-AMI encoding
Generally uses 19- to 22-gauge twisted-pair metallic cable as transmission medium
Motivation
Existing frequency-division multiplexing carrier systems worked well for
connections between distant cities, but required expensive modulators,
demodulators and filters for every voice channel
Coming up with data rate of 1.544Mbps was
empirical!
telephone system nominal voiceband (including guardband) is 4,000 Hz
then the required digital sampling rate is 8,000 Hz
each T1 frame contains 1 byte of voice data for each of the 24 channels
system needs then 8,000 frames per second to maintain those 24
simultaneous voice channels
each frame of a T1 is 193 bits in length (24 channels 8 bits per channel + 1
framing bit = 193 bits)
8,000 frames per second is multiplied by 193 bits to yield a transfer rate of
1.544 Mbit/s (8,000 193 = 1,544,000)
Ones Density
Ensuring that sufficient transitions occur in the data stream
No 15 consecutive logic zeros!
If condition is encountered, substitute a logic 1 to second least significant bit

(MSB) (LSB) (MSB) (LSB)
1000 0000 0000 0000(original)
1000 0000 0000 0010 (substituted 1)
Binary 8 Zero Substitution (B8ZS)
If one PCM sample(8 bits) is composed of all zeros, substitute 1 of 2 special patterns

Either +-0-+000
Or
-+0+-000

The +(plus) and -(minus) represent bipolar logic 1 conditions and a 0(zero) indicates a logic
zero condition
T2 Carrier System
96 64-kbps voice/data channels into a single 6.312-Mbps data signal
transmission over twisted-pair copper wire up to 500 miles over a special
low capacitance metallic cable
Also uses BPRZ-AMI
Instead uses B6ZS
carry multiple T1 channels multiplexed
T3 Carrier System
672 64-kbps voice/data channels
Transmission over a single 3A-RDS coaxial cable
Data rate of 44.736Mbps = 28 T1 Carrier Systems
Uses B3ZS
T4M Carrier System
T4M carries 4032 64-kbps voice/data channels over a single T4M coaxial
cable up to 500 miles
Substitute patterns are impractical
Instead, T4M carriers transmit scrambled unipolar NRZ digital signals


T5M Carrier System
8064 64-kbps voice/data channels
560.16 Mbps data rate
Transmits over a single coaxial cable
European Digital Carrier System
Called E-lines
Conceptually the same with T Carrier systems but different capabilities
A 125-s frame is divided into 32 equal time slots

Time slot zer0 is used for a frame alignment pattern & alarm channel
Time slot 17 is used for a common signaling channel(CSC)
30 voice-band channels
Each time slot is 8bits

Total bits per frame
8bits/time slot x 32 time slots/frame = 256 bits/frame

Line speed for E1 system
256 bits/frame x 8000 frames/second = 2.048 Mbps

E1
Transmission rate = 2.048 Mbps
Channel capacity = 30
E2
Transmission rate = 8.448 Mbps
Channel capacity = 120
E3
Transmission rate = 34.368 Mbps
Channel capacity = 480
E4
Transmission rate = 139.264 Mbps
Channel capacity = 1920

Digital Carrier Frame Synchronization
A certain amount of overhead must be added to the transmission

Added-Digit Framing
A special framing digit(framing pulse) is added to each frame
Used in T1 carriers (1/0 frame synchronizing pattern in used)
Synchronization time = 2NT=2
2

N= bits/frame, T= frame period of N

= bit time
Robbed-digit framing
Replace the least significant bit of every nth frame with a framing bit

Added-Channel framing
Same as added-digit framing except that digits are added in groups/words instead of as individual bits

Statistical framing
Not necessary to either rob or add digits
Second digit of a given channel can be used for the framing bit (courtesy of gray code)

Unique-Line Code framing
Some property of the framing bit is different from the data bits
Framing bit is made either higher or lower in amplitude or with a different time duration


Bit VS Word Interleaving
Bit Interleaving
Sample 1 Sample2 Sample 3
Ch1: 87654321 87654321 87654321
Ch2: 87654321 87654321 87654321
Multiplexed: |8877665544332211| |8877665544332211|
Word Interleaving
Sample 1 Sample2 Sample 3
Ch1: 87654321 87654321 87654321
Ch2: 87654321 87654321 87654321
Multiplexed: |Ch2,S1 87654321| |Ch1, S1 87654321| . . .
Statistical Time-Division Multiplexing
Used more often for the transmission of data when they are called:
Asynchronous TDM, intelligent TDM, stat muxs

There are n input lines but only k time slots available