COMP 2093

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Database Fundamentals
What is Data?
Facts
Figures
Statistics
Details
Particulars
Information
Report
Statement
Evidence
What is Data?
Examples: (Human Application)
1. Person 2. Student
A Person Personal Data:
Name
Date of Birth
Age
Gender
Address
Contact Number
Marital Status
SSS Number
Tax Identification Number
A Student Personal Data:
Name
Date of Birth
Age
Gender
Address
Contact Number
Student Number
Course
Name of School
What is Data?
Example: (University Application)
3. Enrollment

Enrollment Data
School Year
Semester
Number of Enrollees
Number of Contact Hours
Total Sections Offered
Number of Subjects Offered
Number of Credit Hours
Number of Units
What is Data?
Example: (Financial Application)
4. Balance Sheet
Balance Sheet Data
Non-Current Assets
Current Assets
Owners Equity
Current Liabilities
Non-Current Liabilities
What is Database?
A structured set of data held in a computer,
especially one that is accessible in various
ways. www.webcrawler.com
A database is an organized collection of data.
-- www.wikipedia.org
A database is a collection of data that is
organized so that its contents can easily be
accessed, managed, and updated.
WhatIs.com


What is Database?
Example:
1. College Database

College
Dept Student
Course Staff Billing Academic
Enroll
Database Fundamentals
The purpose of this topic is to help you
understand the value of data and data
management tools and how they can be
applied with your course.
Database Fundamentals
Overview
Without data, computers are of little value.

The worth of a computer or an information system is
measured in terms of its ability to support the
processing, transmission and/or accessing of data.

In fact, data management can be the key to success or
failure for an organization.

Many companies run into difficulties because they lack
the appropriate data to make effective decisions,
and/or the way their databases are constructed inhibits
the ability to analyze and manipulate data in a timely,
cost-effective manner.
Database Fundamentals
After this topic, you should be able to:
Describe the importance of data and databases.
Define the key terms needed to understand
databases and database management.
Describe the major characteristics of databases
and database management.
Outline the major database management systems
and describe their advantages and disadvantages.



Lesson 1
The Value of Data and Databases
The Value of Data and Databases
Many of the actions you make during the day
become data for organizations to use for their own
profit and learning.
- Using an automated teller machine
- filling out a form for entrance exam in a school
- ordering an item on the Internet
- booking a flight on an airline

all become digitized data to be sorted, managed, and
used by others. In each of these cases, someone at
some time has decided how the data from these
users will be received, stored, processed, and made
available to others.
The Value of continue
Data and Organizations
For financial and/or legal reasons, organizations
collect and store vast amounts of data about
employees, customers, finances, vendors,
inventory, competitors, and markets, to name
only a few.
The amount of data needed is important because
people generally make better decisions if they
have more data available to them.

The Value of continue
For example
A car dealership, bank, or credit card company will
make better decisions about who to give car loans by
looking at a person's credit report information than if
they simply based their decision on the word of the
customer.
Looking at your credit report, a bank representative
would see a listing of your payment history on loans
and credit cards, including your mortgage. She would
also see information about outstanding loans, debt
repayment and credit limits.
The Value of continue
Extracting Meaning from Data
Raw data is not very useful.

Suppose a human resources manager of a local
hospital sends out a survey consisting of 25
multiple-choice questions to assess the level of
employee satisfaction of its 150 nurses.

Let's assume for a moment that 114 surveys are
completed and returned to the manager. This is
the raw data and basically has no meaning.
The Value Lesson Wrap-up
As organizations invest in and become more
dependent on Information Systems, the
processes of gathering, managing, and utilizing
data become more central to operational
success.

Data is only as valuable as our ability to access
and extract meaning from it; and we cannot
extract meaning from it without organizing,
storing, and analyzing it effectively.
The Value End of Lesson 1
Now that we have completed this topic, you
should be able to:
Describe the value of data to organizations.
Discuss how and why organizations and
individuals attempt to extract meaning from data.



Lesson 2
Understanding Database Terminology

Understanding Database Terminology
A computer cannot process data unless it is organized in
special ways; into characters, fields, records, files and
databases.

After reading this lesson, you should be able to:
Define the key terms needed to understand what a database is and
how it is used.
Identify the purpose and role of characters in data processing.
Identify the purpose and role of fields in data processing.
Identify the purpose and role of records in data processing.
Identify the purpose and role of database files in data processing.
Identify the purpose and role of databases in data processing.
Identify the purpose and role of data management systems in data
processing.
Identify the purpose and role of keys in data processing.



Understanding continue
Character
A character is the most basic element of data that
can be observed and manipulated.
Behind it are the invisible data elements we call
bits and bytes, referring to physical storage
elements used by the computer hardware.
A character is a single symbol such as a digit,
letter, or other special character (e.g., $, #, and ?).
Understanding continue
Field
A field contains an item of data; that is, a
character, or group of characters that are
related.

John Smith makes up a
name in the Name Field.
Its a grouping of related
text characters.
Understanding continue
Record
A record is composed of a group of related
fields. For Example (Personal Information)

This record is made up of multiple fields, First
Name, Last Name, Date of Birth, Address, and
Social Services Security Number
Understanding continue
As another way of saying it, a record contains
a collection of attributes related to an entity
such as a person or product.
Book Table
Understanding continue
Database File
a database file is defined as a collection of related
records. A database file is sometimes called a table.

Files are frequently
categorized by the purpose
or application for which
they are intended. Some
common examples include
mailing lists, quality
control files, inventory
files, or document files.
Understanding continue
Database
Organizations and individuals use databases to
bring independent sources of data together and
store them electronically.
Thus, a database is composed of related files that
are consolidated, organized and stored together.
One collection of related files might pertain to
employee information. Another collection of
related files might contain college information.

Understanding continue
Book Database
Understanding continue
Data Management System
Data management systems are used to access and
manipulate data in a database. A database
management system is a software package that
enables users to edit, link, and update files as needs
dictate. Database management systems will be
discussed in greater detail in another lesson.
Example: MS ACCESS, MS SQL SERVER, MySQL,
ORACLE
Understanding continue
Key
In order to track and analyze data effectively,
each record requires a unique identifier or
what is called a key.
ISBN is the key to this Book Table
Understanding continue
Key
The key must be completely unique to a
particular record just as each individual
student has a student number assigned to
them. In fact, student number are often used
as keys in large databases in university.
Understanding continue
Key
In Financial Accounting application the key
could be Account Code of General Ledger
Account Code is the key to this
General Ledger Table
General Ledger Table
Understanding Lesson Wrap-Up
People and computers cannot process data
unless it is organized properly.
In this lesson, the basic elements of a database,
the elements used to organize data in a
consistent manner, are defined.
The structure of a database begins with the
character, the most basic element of data.
These characters are organized into fields,
records, and files, the other important building
blocks of a database.

Understanding Lesson Wrap-Up
Database management systems are designed
to access and manipulate data in a database.
These systems allow users to work with and
manipulate data so that, eventually, someone
can extract meaning from it.
Understanding End of Lesson 2
Now that we have completed this lesson, you should be
able to:
Define the key terms needed to understand what a
database is and how it is used.
Identify the purpose and role of characters in data
processing.
Identify the purpose and role of fields in data processing.
Identify the purpose and role of records in data processing.
Identify the purpose and role of database files in data
processing.
Identify the purpose and role of databases in data
processing.
Identify the purpose and role of data management systems
in data processing.
Identify the purpose and role of keys in data processing.



Lesson 3
Characteristics of Database

Characteristics of Database
A computerized database refers to a collection
of related files that are digitized. More often
than not, this kind of database is more useful
than manila folders and filing cabinets. For one,
it provides an efficient method of pulling facts
together. It allows the slicing, dicing, mixing, and
matching of information for a many purposes
and needs.
Characteristics continue
Types of Databases
Some databases are small enough to be created
and contained on your desktop computer while
others are so large that they are stored on
network servers or powerful mainframe
computers.

Some Popular Databases:
Paradox, Access, MySQL, & dBase 5
These can be manage enough to store on desktop
computer.

Characteristics continue
Database Access
Database access is a sticky issue, as you will see.
It should be protected at all times from any
aggression inside or outside
Selected users could only access certain
information depending on their needs

Characteristics continue
Database Attributes for Effective Use
It is important to keep some database files
separate, even though they contain closely
related information.

For Example:
it's usually a good idea to keep employee files
containing home address, telephone number, job
title, and work location separate from files
containing an employee's tax and salary
information.
Characteristics continue
Database Attributes for Effective Use
There are at least two reasons for maintaining
these records in separate files:

1. It is generally more efficient and effective to
search for and extract information from smaller
sets of data.

2. Different types of data should be accessible to
different groups of people.

Characteristics continue
Multiple Sources
A database is more useful if there is little
redundancy between the files it contains. In other
words, it would be inefficient and a waste of
human and computer resources to have the same
information repeated over and over again in
different files.
For Example:
Some companies maintain databases with very
similar information. Sometimes there are good
reasons for this; e.g. for security purposes.
However, it's simply more costly to maintain
accurate information in multiple locations.

Characteristics continue
One of the beauties of databases is the ability to
link together data from multiple sources to
accomplish a specific task.
For Example:
I might store the file containing a mailing list for
District 2 of Manila with similar lists compiled for
individuals in other 6 Districts of Manila. If a
political action group in Manila decides to
develop a campaign for the 7 Districts, they can
extracts the names of potential supporters.
Characteristics Lesson Wrap-Up
There are many different types of databases, and, in
general, each database is designed to facilitate a
unique type of decision making.
A variety of database management issues have
been reviewed including security and determining
who should have access to the data in a database.
Finally, the point is made that effective database
management requires that redundancies and
discrepancies in the data be minimized or
altogether eliminated.
Characteristics End of Lesson 3
Now that we have completed this lesson, you
should be able to:
Identify some of the common types of databases.
Discuss some of the key issues associated with
providing data access.
Justify the importance of maintaining separate
files.
Justify the importance of minimizing redundancy
between data files.


Lesson 4
An Introduction to Database
Management System

An Introduction to Database
Management System
A database is a collection of related files that are
usually integrated, linked or cross-referenced to
one another.
The advantage of a database is that data and
records contained in different files can be easily
organized and retrieved using specialized
database management software called a
database management system (DBMS) or
database manager.
An Introduction continue
DBMS Fundamentals
A database management system is a set of
software programs that allows users to create,
edit and update data in database files, and store
and retrieve data from those database files.
Data in a database can be added, deleted,
changed, sorted or searched all using a DBMS.
If you were an employee in a large organization,
the information about you would likely be stored
in different files that are linked together.
An Introduction continue
Example 1
If you were an employee in a large organization, the
information about you would likely be stored in
different files that are linked together.

One file about you would pertain to your skills and abilities
another file to your income tax status
another to your home and office address and telephone
number
and another to your annual performance ratings.
By cross-referencing these files, someone could change a
person's address in one file and it would automatically be
reflected in all the other files.

An Introduction continue
Example 2
PUP Student Information System is a large
database that handles the Students Profile,
Course, subjects and grades, assigned faculty,
rooms, and schedules.
Each students can access the following from a
separate files:
Enrollment module
Grades inquiry
Schedule
Calendar
An Introduction continue
DBMS are commonly used to manage:
Membership and subscription mailing lists
Accounting and bookkeeping information
The data obtained from scientific research
Customer information
Inventory information
Personal records
Library information
Hotel Reservation
Airline Reservation
Purchase and Order System


An Introduction continue
The Advantages of DBMS
Improved availability. One of the principle advantages of a
DBMS is that the same information can be made available to
different users.
Minimized Redundancy. The data in a DBMS is more concise
because, as a general rule, the information in it appears just
once.
Accuracy. Accurate, consistent, and up-to-date data is a sign of
data integrity.
Program and file consistency. Using a database management
system, file formats and system programs are standardized.
User-friendly. Data is easier to access and manipulate with a
DBMS than without it.
Improved Security. Some sources of information should be
protected or secured and only viewed by select individuals.
An Introduction continue
The Disadvantages of DBMS
There are basically two major downsides to using
DBMSs. One of these is cost, and the other the
threat to data security.
Implementing a DBMS system can be expensive and
time-consuming, especially in large organizations.
Training requirements alone can be quite costly.
Even with safeguards in place, it may be possible for
some unauthorized users to access the database. In
general, database access is an all or nothing
proposition.



An Introduction Lesson Wrap-Up
In this lesson, a database management system
is defined, as well as its purposes and
functions. One of the most powerful aspects
of a DBMS is the ability to organize and
retrieve data from different, but related, files.
However, using databases and DBMSs has its
advantages and disadvantages.
An Introduction End of Lesson 4
Now that you have completed this lesson, you
should be able to:
Define the term database management system
(DBMS).
Describe the basic purpose and functions of a
DBMS.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
DBMSs.



Lesson 5
Types of Database
Management System

Types of Database Management System
DBMSs come in many shapes and sizes.
For a few thousands of peso, you can purchase a
DBMS for your desktop computer.
For Example: MS ACCESS, MS SQL SERVER, &
MySQL

For larger computer systems, much more
expensive DBMSs are required.
For Example: ORACLE & DB2
Types of Database continue
There are four structural types of database
management systems:
Hierarchical. commonly used on mainframe computers,
have been around for a long time.
Network. are similar to hierarchical databases by also
having a hierarchical structure. However, there are a
few key differences.
Relational. the relationship between data files is
relational, not hierarchical. Hierarchical and network
databases require the user to pass down through a
hierarchy in order to access needed data.
Object-oriented. represent a significant advance over
their other database cousins. Able to handle many new
data types, including graphics, photographs, audio, and
video
Types of Database continue
Hierarchical Database

Types of Database continue
Network Database
Types of Database continue
Relational Database

Types of Database Lesson Wrap-Up
As we have seen, DBMSs come in many forms.
The structures of different DBMSs have been
compared and contrasted in an effort to help
you realize their respective strengths and
weaknesses. As a knowledge worker, you may
one day be asked to select, design, and make
decisions about a DBMS.
Types of Database End of Lesson 5
Now that you have completed this lesson, you
should be able to:
Compare and contrast the structure of different
database management systems.
Define hierarchical databases.
Define network databases.
Define relational databases.
Define object-oriented databases.



Lesson 6
Manipulation and Query Languages


Manipulation and Query Languages
There are basically two ways of manipulating data
using database software.
One approach is to interact directly with the DBMS
using a special language called a query language.
In the second approach, a user interacts with the
application program. The application program
sends instructions to the DBMS, which then carries
out the actions specified by the program.
This lesson will focus on using query languages to
perform data processing tasks.
Manipulation continue
Query Language
Query language allows the user to interact directly with
the database software in order to perform information-
processing tasks using data in a database.
It is usually an easy-to-use computer language that
relies on basic words such as SELECT, DELETE, or
MODIFY.
Using query language and a computer keyboard, the
user enters commands that instruct the DBMS to
retrieve data from a database or update data in a
database.
Manipulation continue
Structured Query Language (SQL)
is one type of query language that is widely used
to perform operations using relational databases.

Note: Remember that relational databases are
composed of tables with rows and columns.

SQL can be used to retrieve information from related
tables in a database or to select and retrieve information
from specific rows and columns in one or more tables.
One of the keys to understanding how SQL works in a
relational database is to realize that each table and
column has a specific name associated with it.
Manipulation continue
In order to query a table, the user specifies the name of the table
(indicating the rows to be displayed) and the names of the columns to be
displayed.
A typical SQL query contains three key elements:
SELECT (the column names to be displayed)
FROM (indicates the table name from which column names will be derived)
WHERE (describes the condition for the query)
A typical SQL update contains three key elements:
o UPDATE (indicate the table name)
o SET (indicate the column name & the new value)
o WHERE (describes the condition for the query)
A typical SQL delete contains two key elements:
DELETE FROM (indicate the table name)
WHERE (describes the condition for the query)
A typical SQL insert contains two key elements:
o INSERT INTO (indicate the table name) [(column names)]
o VALUES (indicate the values to be inserted in the database)





Manipulation continue
Example No. 1 (Restaurant Table)


Find
Chinese
Restaurants
Manipulation continue
Example No. 1 (Restaurant Table)


Find
Chinese
Restaurants
Manipulation continue
Example No. 1 (Restaurant Table)

Find
Chinese
Restaurants
SELECT All Columns FROM Restaurant Table
WHERE Cuisine = Chinese
Manipulation continue
Output of Example No. 1 (Query Result)


Find
Chinese
Restaurants
SELECT All Columns FROM Restaurant Table
WHERE Cuisine = Chinese
Manipulation continue
Example No. 2 (Restaurant Table)


Find
Chinese
Restaurants
with greater
than 1000
Cost
Manipulation continue
Example No. 2

Find
Chinese
Restaurants
with greater
than 1000
Cost
SELECT All Columns FROM Restaurant Table
WHERE Cost > 1000
Manipulation continue
Output of Example No. 2 (Query Result)


Find
Chinese
Restaurants
with greater
than 1000
Cost
SELECT All Columns FROM Restaurant Table
WHERE Cost > 1000
Manipulation continue
Example No. 3 (Restaurant Table)


Find
Restaurants
in New York
City
Manipulation continue
Manipulation continue
Example No. 3 (Restaurant Table)


Find
Restaurants
in New York
City
SELECT All Columns FROM Restaurant Table
WHERE City = New York City
Manipulation continue
Example No. 3 (Query Result)

Find
Restaurants
in New York
City
SELECT Columns FROM Restaurant Table
WHERE City = New York City
Example No. 4 (Restaurant Table)


Edit the Cost
Value from
Restaurants
With
Primaveras
Restaurant
Name from
1000 to 1005
Manipulation continue
Example No. 4 (Restaurant Table)


Edit the Cost
Value from
Restaurants
With
Primaveras
Restaurant
Name from
1000 to 1005
Manipulation continue
UPDATE Restaurant Table SET cost = 1005
WHERE ID = 1001
Example No. 4 (Update Result)


Edit the Cost
Value from
Restaurants
With
Primaveras
Restaurant
Name from
1000 to 1005
Manipulation continue
UPDATE Restaurant Table SET cost = 1005
WHERE ID = 1001
Example No.5 (Restaurant Table)


Insert Record with
ID = 1016,
Restaurant Name =
Tong Yang, State =
NCR, City = Manila,
Cost = 450,
Cuisine = Chinese
Manipulation continue
Example No.5 (Insert Result)


Insert Record with
ID = 1016,
Restaurant Name =
Tong Yang, State =
NCR, City = Manila,
Cost = 450,
Cuisine = Chinese
Manipulation continue
INSERT INTO Restaurant Table (ID, Restaurant
Name, State, City, Cost, Cuisine) VALUES (1016,
TongYang, PH, Manila, 450, Chinese)
Example No.6 (Restaurant Table)


Delete Record from
Restaurant Table
with ID = 1010
Manipulation continue
DELETE FROM Restaurant Table WHERE ID = 1010
Example No.6 (Delete Result)


Delete Record from
Restaurant Table
with ID = 1010
Manipulation continue
DELETE FROM Restaurant Table WHERE ID = 1010
Example No.6 (Restaurant Table)


Delete Record from
Restaurant Table
with ID = 1010
Manipulation continue
Manipulation continue
Other Capabilities and Query Languages
SQL has many other capabilities, one of which
is to be able to update and revise a relational
database.
Users may discover the need to add, delete,
and/or change columns and rows in a
database.
Manipulation Lesson Wrap-Up
Users rely on query language to manipulate data in a
database.
As you now know, there is more than one type of query
language.
SQL, for example, is widely used to manage relational
databases.
It is important to understand the purpose of query
languages.
Perhaps one day, you will have the opportunity to learn
and use one of these languages to help your
organization manipulate and extract meaning from one
of its many databases.
Manipulation End of Lesson 6
Now that we have completed this lesson, you
should be able to:
Define the term query language.
Describe an example of a query language.
Discuss the functions and capabilities of a query
language.



Lesson 7
Data Security and Recovery
Data Security and Recovery
Who to give access to data, how to protect data,
and how to recover lost data are important
considerations for those responsible for
designing and managing electronic databases.
Data Security continue
Database Security
It is usually the responsibility of a database
administrator to determine the different access
privileges for different users of the system.

Most users will be allowed to view and retrieve some
types of data and not others.

Some users are only allowed to view data in a
database, while others who are qualified will be
allowed to view and make changes to data in a
database.
Data Security continue
The purpose of determining who has access, as
well as the degree of access, is to protect the
data from unauthorized use and sabotage.

Databases must also be protected physically from
harm or accident. Some organizations have opted
to store database files in a vault and limit
employee access to the actual computer system
using security devices that verify personal
identity.

Data Security continue
Data Recovery
As with almost all complex forms of computer
hardware and software, there is always the
possibility of failure. Therefore, it becomes
crucial for data administrators to have system
recovery features in place to be able to
recover database contents that are damaged
or lost when problems occur. Performing an
actual recovery can be a difficult task.
Data Security continue
Strategies for Data Recovery
However, a variety of strategies may be used to
facilitate system recovery when problems occur.
Two of the more common approaches include
mirroring and reprocessing.
Mirroring involves making frequent simultaneous
copies of a database to ensure that two or more
copies are maintained in different locations at all
times.
Reprocessing involves going back to a known point of
database activity before the problem occurred and
reprocessing work from that point forward.
Data Security Lesson Wrap-Up
Preserving the integrity of a database depends on
how well it is protected and the ability of database
administrators and others to recover data that is
lost or damaged. The quality and consistency of the
data in a database can affect the quality of
decisions made based on our interpretations of the
data. Many databases have been developed at
great cost, and contain data and information that is
of immense value to end users. Therefore, it is
critical that the right measures be taken to ensure
that the data is secure and recoverable.
Data Security End of Lesson 7
Now that we have completed this lesson, you
should be able to:
Justify the importance of data security.
Describe some of the approaches used to provide
database security.
Describe the importance of data recovery.
Identify some of the methods used to recover lost
data.



Lesson 8
Database Development Process

Database Development Process
Anyone with a desktop computer and the right software
package can develop a small database. As we move to the
development of large databases, such as those used by many
business organizations, the task becomes much more
complex.
Before a new house can be built, architects must first develop
a blueprint.
A blueprint provides a symbolic representation of the house
and its characteristics before it is actually created. In a similar
manner, the process of developing an electronic database also
depends on blueprints and advanced planning.
Before a database can be created, developers must decide
what data should be included and how the database should
be structured.
Database continue
Database development is a systematic process
that moves from concept to design to
implementation. It also takes into account the
needs of potential users and the operational
and/or business processes in the organization.

Database continue
Define Business Process Step One
Many database development efforts begin by defining
the key business and/or operational processes within
the organization.
Developers first create high-level models showing the
major activity steps associated with marketing, sales,
production, human resource management, public
relations, research and development, and so on.
Taken together, these process maps represent an
enterprise-wide model of the organization and its core
processes.
Database continue
Define Business Process Illustration

A Credit
Approval
Process
Database continue
Determine the scope of the database
development effort:
The next step in the database development
effort is to select one process or a set of
related processes for further analysis and
improvement.
Database continue
Define the information needs Step three
Once a business process (or set of processes) has
been selected, the next step is to define the
information needs of users involved in or affected
by the business process.
Identifying Objectives
Defining Need
Accessing Information systems
Establishing Sources of Information
Information Acquisition
Use of Information

Database continue
Develop Conceptual Design Step Four
A basic understanding of these needs is used
to create a conceptual design for the
database. At this stage, a conceptual data
model is created that illustrates relationships
between information sources, users, and
business process steps.
Database continue
Develop Conceptual Design Illustration

1:M
1:M
place
contains
1:M
supplies
has
0:M
1
1
1
1
Database continue
Develop logical data model
The conceptual data model is used to develop
a logical data model based on one of the
primary DBMS types: relational, hierarchical,
network, or object-oriented approaches.
Database continue
Develop logical data model - Illustration
1
1:M
1
1:M 1 1 0:M 1:M
Database continue
Develop Physical design
With the logical data model in hand,
developers move to the physical design, which
involves determining the specific storage and
access methods and structures.

Database continue
Develop Physical design - illustration

1:M
place
1
contains
supplies
1:M
has
1:M
1
0:M
1
1
Database continue
Create and Test database
Once this step is complete, developers can go ahead and
create the database using whatever DBMS has been
selected.
Small amounts of data can be entered into the database for
testing purposes. This is also the time to start developing
sample screens and reports to determine if the database
design will meet the predefined requirements.
It is much easier to revise and change the database during
this testing phase, before all of the data have been entered.
The term prototyping refers to the iterative process used to
try different report formats and input screens to determine
their suitability and effectiveness.
Database continue
Create and Test Database - illustration
Using MS Access
Database Lesson Wrap-Up
The full potential of a database will only be
realized if it is properly planned and developed.
Database development is a systematic process
that takes into account the needs of the
organization and potential users. This lesson
provides a high-level roadmap of the basic steps
that are followed to created effective databases.
By now you should understand the purpose and
logic of the database development process.

Database End of Lesson 9
Now that we have completed this lesson, you
should be able to:
Break down the database development process
into its key steps.
Describe the tasks associated with each of the key
steps.