Tema1_2: Image Processing

Tools
Certain tools are central to the processing of digital
images. These include mathematical tools such
as:

Convolution
Properties of Convolution
Fourier Transforms
Properties of Fourier Transforms
Statistics
Contour Representations
Convolution
Convolution of two (multi-dimensional) signals to
produce an output signal

In 2D continuous space:


In 2D discrete space:
Fourier Transforms
The Fourier transform produces another representation
of a signal, specifically a representation as a weighted
sum of complex exponentials


The defining formulas for the forward Fourier and the
inverse Fourier transforms are as follows. Given an
image a and its Fourier transform A, then the forward
transform goes from the spatial domain (either
continuous or discrete) to the frequency domain which is
always continuous.
Inverse -



Fourier Transforms
The specific formulas for transforming back and forth between the
spatial domain and the frequency domain are given below.
In 2D continuous space:




In 2D discrete space:
Properties of Fourier Transforms
The Fourier transform of an image can be
complex. This is illustrated below
Statistics
In image processing it is quite common to use simple
statistical descriptions of images and sub-images.

Probability distribution function of the brightnesses
Probability density function of the brightnesses
Average
Standard deviation
Coefficient-of-variation
Percentiles
Mode
Signal-to-Noise ratio
Contour Representations
When dealing with a region or object,
several compact representations are
available that can facilitate manipulation of
and measurements on the object

Chain code
Chain code properties
Crack code
Run codes
Chain code
This representation is based upon the work of Freeman .
We follow the contour in a clockwise manner and keep
track of the directions as we go from one contour pixel to
the next. For the standard implementation of the chain
code we consider a contour pixel to be an object pixel that
has a background (non-object) pixel as one or more of its
4-connected neighbors.
Chain code Run Code
Crack code
An alternative to the chain code for contour
encoding is to use neither the contour pixels
associated with the object nor the contour pixels
associated with background but rather the line, the
"crack", in between.