Carriers and Modulation

CS442

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION OF
DIGITAL DATA
Review

Baseand Trans!ission
Di"ital trans!ission is t#e trans!ission o$ ele%tri%al &ulses'
Di"ital in$or!ation is inar( in nature in t#at it #as onl(
two &ossile states ) or *' Se+uen%es o$ its en%ode data
,e'"'- te.t %#ara%ters/'
Di"ital si"nals are %o!!onl( re$erred to as aseand si"nals'
In order to su%%ess$ull( send and re%eive a !essa"e- ot# t#e
sender and re%eiver #ave to a"ree #ow o$ten t#e sender %an
trans!it data ,data rate/'
Data rate o$ten %alled andwidt# 0 ut t#ere is a di$$erent
de$inition o$ andwidt# re$errin" to t#e $re+uen%( ran"e o$
a si"nal1

Baseand Trans!ission
2it# uni&olar si"nalin" te%#ni+ues- t#e volta"e is
alwa(s &ositive or ne"ative ,li3e a d% %urrent/'
In i&olar si"nalin"- t#e )4s and *4s var( $ro! a &lus
volta"e to a !inus volta"e ,li3e an a% %urrent/'
In "eneral- i&olar si"nalin" e.&erien%es $ewer errors
t#an uni&olar si"nalin" e%ause t#e si"nals are
!ore distin%t'

Baseand Trans!ission

Baseand Trans!ission
Man%#ester en%odin" is a s&e%ial t(&e o$ uni&olar
si"nalin" in w#i%# t#e si"nal is %#an"ed $ro! a #i"# to
low ,*/ or low to #i"# ,)/ in t#e !iddle o$ t#e si"nal'
5
More reliale dete%tion o$ transition rat#er t#an level
0
%onsider &er#a&s so!e %onstant a!ount o$ d% noise-
transitions still dete%tale ut d% %o!&onent %ould t#row o$$
NR67L s%#e!e
0
Transitions still dete%tale even i$ &olarit( reversed
Man%#ester en%odin" is %o!!onl( used in lo%al area
networ3s ,et#ernet- to3en rin"/'

Man%#ester 8n%odin"

ANALOG TRANSMISSION OF
DIGITAL DATA
Analo" Trans!ission o%%urs w#en t#e si"nal sent
over t#e trans!ission !edia %ontinuousl( varies
$ro! one state to anot#er in a wave7li3e &attern'
e'"' tele&#one networ3s- ori"inall( uilt $or #u!an
s&ee%# rat#er t#an data'
Advanta"e $or lon" distan%e %o!!uni%ations9 !u%#
less attenuation $or analo" %arrier t#an di"ital


Di"ital Data to Analo"
Trans!ission
Be$ore we "et $urt#er into Analo" to Di"ital-
we need to understand various
%#ara%teristi%s o$ analo" trans!ission'

:eriodi%
Si"nals

Sine 2ave
5
:ea3 A!&litude ,A/
0
!a.i!u! stren"t# o$ si"nal
0
volts
5
Fre+uen%( ,$/
0
Rate o$ %#an"e o$ si"nal
0
;ert< ,;</ or %(%les &er se%ond
0
:eriod = ti!e $or one re&etition ,T/
0
T = )>$
5
:#ase ,/
0
Relative &osition in ti!e- $ro! *72?&i
5
General Sine wave
/ 2 sin, / , + = ft A t s

@ar(in" Sine 2aves

2avelen"t#
5
Distan%e o%%u&ied ( one %(%le
5
Distan%e etween two &oints o$ %orres&ondin"
&#ase in two %onse%utive %(%les

= 2avelen"t#
5
Assu!in" si"nal velo%it( v
= vT
f = v
0
% = A?)*
B
!s
7)
,s&eed o$ li"#t in $ree s&a%e/

Fre+uen%( Do!ain Con%e&ts
5
Si"nal usuall( !ade u& o$ !an( $re+uen%ies
5
Co!&onents are sine ,or %osine/ waves
5
Can e s#own ,Fourier anal(sis/ t#at an(
%ontinuous si"nal is !ade u& o$ %o!&onent
sine waves
5
Can &lot $re+uen%( do!ain $un%tions

Addition o$
Fre+uen%(
Co!&onents
Notes9
2nd $re+ a !ulti&le o$ )
st
)
st
%alled $unda!ental $re+
Ot#ers %alled #ar!oni%s
:eriod o$ %o!ined =
:eriod o$ t#e $unda!ental
Funda!ental = %arrier $re+

Fre+uen%(
Do!ain
Dis%rete Fre+ Re&9
Dis%rete si"nals result in
Continuous- In$inite
Fre+uen%( Re&9
s,t/=) $ro! 0C>2 to C>2
/D / A , 2 sin, A > ) / 2 Esin, > 4 / , t f ft t s + =
An( %ontinuous si"nal %an
e re&resented as t#e su!
o$ sine waves1 ,Ma( need
an in$inite nu!er''/

Data Rate and Bandwidt#
5
An( trans!ission s(ste! #as a li!ited and o$ $re+uen%ies
5
T#is li!its t#e data rate t#at %an e %arried
5
S&e%tru!
0
ran"e o$ $re+uen%ies %ontained in si"nal
5
Asolute andwidt#
0
widt# o$ s&e%tru!
5
8$$e%tive andwidt#
0
O$ten Fust bandwidth
0
Narrow and o$ $re+uen%ies %ontainin" !ost o$ t#e ener"(

8.a!&le o$ Data Rate>Bandwidt#
2ant to trans!it9
Let4s sa( t#at $=)M#< or )*
G
%(%les>se%ond- so T= )!i%rose%ond
Let4s a&&ro.i!ate t#e s+uare wave wit# a $ew sine waves9

8.,)/9 Sine 2ave )
/D / H , 2 sin, / H > ) , / / A , 2 sin, A > ) / 2 Esin, > 4 / , t f t f ft t s + + =
Bandwidt#=H$7$ =4$
I$ $=)M#<- t#en t#e andwidt# = 4M#<
T=) !i%rose%ondI we %an send two its &er !i%rose%ond so
t#e data rate = 2 ? )*
G
= 2M&s

8.,2/9 Sine 2ave )- ;i"#er $re+
/D / H , 2 sin, / H > ) , / / A , 2 sin, A > ) / 2 Esin, > 4 / , t f t f ft t s + + =
Bandwidt#=H$7$ =4$
I$ $=2M#<- t#en t#e andwidt# = BM#<
T=*'H !i%rose%ondI we %an send two its &er *'H !i%rose%onds
or 4 its &er !i%rose%ond- so t#e data rate = 4 ? )*
G
= 4M&s
Doule t#e andwidt#- doule t#e data rate1

8.,A/9 Sine 2ave 2
/D / A , 2 sin, A > ) / 2 Esin, > 4 / , t f ft t s + =
Bandwidt#=A$7$ =2$
I$ $=2M#<- t#en t#e andwidt# = 4M#<
T=*'H !i%rose%ondI we %an send two its &er *'H !i%rose%onds
or 4 its &er !i%rose%ond- so t#e data rate = 4 ? )*
G
= 4M&s
Still &ossile to "et 4M&s wit# t#e JlowerK andwidt#- ut our
re%eiver !ust e ale to dis%ri!inate $ro! !ore distortion1

Bandwidt# > Re&resentation
2*** &s
B=H** ;<
B=)*** ;<
B=)L** ;<
B=4*** ;<
In%reasin" andwidt#
i!&roves t#e
re&resentation o$ t#e data
si"nal'
H**;< too low to
re&rodu%e t#e si"nal'
2ant to !a.i!i<e t#e
%a&a%it( o$ t#e availale
andwidt#'

Multi&le.ers
5
A !ulti&le.er &uts two or !ore si!ultaneous
trans!issions on a sin"le %o!!uni%ations %ir%uit'
5
Generall( s&ea3in"- t#e !ulti&le.ed %ir%uit !ust
#ave t#e sa!e %a&a%it( as t#e su! o$ t#e %ir%uits it
%o!ines'
5
T#e &ri!ar( ene$it o$ !ulti&le.in" is to save
!one('

Multi&le.ed Cir%uit

Multi&le.in"
T#ere are t#ree !aFor t(&es o$ !ulti&le.ers
5
Fre+uen%( division !ulti&le.ers ,FDM/
0
8'"' AM>FM Radio- Tele&#one
5
Ti!e division !ulti&le.ers ,TDM/
0
ISDN
5
Statisti%al ti!e division !ulti&le.ers ,STDM/
0
2e4ll %over later ,!a(e/
5
2avelen"t# division !ulti&le.in" ,2DM/
0
Msed in o&ti%al %arriers ,%olors %arr( si"nals/

Fre+uen%( Division Multi&le.in"
,FDM/
5
Fre+uen%( division !ulti&le.ers %an e des%ried as dividin" t#e
%ir%uit J#ori<ontall(K so t#at !an( si"nals %an travel a sin"le
%o!!uni%ation %ir%uit si!ultaneousl('
5
T#e %ir%uit is divided into a series o$ se&arate %#annels- ea%#
trans!ittin" on a di$$erent $re+uen%('
5
Guardands are e!&lo(ed to 3ee& one %#annel $ro! lea3in" over into
anot#er %#annel'
5
Fre+uen%( division !ulti&le.ers are so!ew#at in$le.ile e%ause on%e
(ou deter!ine #ow !an( %#annels are re+uired- it !a( e di$$i%ult to
add !ore %#annels wit#out &ur%#asin" an entirel( new !ulti&le.er'

Fre+uen%( Division Multi&le.in"
,FDM/

Ti!e Division Multi&le.in"
,TDM/
5
Ti!e division !ulti&le.in" s#ares a %ir%uit a!on" two or
!ore ter!inals ( #avin" t#e! ta3e turns- dividin" t#e
%ir%uit Jverti%all('K
5
Ti!e on t#e %ir%uit is allo%ated even w#en data are not
trans!itted- so t#at so!e %a&a%it( is wasted w#en a
ter!inal is idle'
5
Ti!e division !ulti&le.in" is "enerall( !ore e$$i%ient
and less e.&ensive to !aintain t#an $re+uen%( division
!ulti&le.in"- e%ause it does not need "uardands'

Ti!e Division Multi&le.in" ,TDM/

Trans!ission I!&air!ents
5
Si"nal re%eived !a( di$$er $ro! si"nal
trans!itted
5
Analo" 7 de"radation o$ si"nal +ualit(
5
Di"ital 7 it errors
5
Caused (
0
Attenuation and attenuation distortion
0
Dela( distortion
0
Noise

Attenuation
5
Si"nal stren"t# $alls o$$ wit# distan%e
5
De&ends on !ediu!
5
Re%eived si"nal stren"t#9
0
!ust e enou"# to e dete%ted
0
!ust e su$$i%ientl( #i"#er t#an noise to e re%eived wit#out error
5
Attenuation is an in%reasin" $un%tion o$ $re+uen%(I #i"#er
$re+uen%ies su$$er $ro! !ore attenuation' Can distort t#e
si"nal'
5
Solution9 8+uali<ation' Boost #i"#er $re+uen%( %o!&onents'

Dela( Distortion
5
Onl( in "uided !edia
5
:ro&a"ation velo%it( varies wit# $re+uen%(
0
@elo%it( #i"#est near %enter $re+uen%(
0
Results in &#ase s#i$t at di$$erent $re+uen%ies
0
JOverla&&in"K its
5
Solution9 8+uali<ation

Noise ,)/
5
Additional si"nals inserted etween trans!itter
and re%eiver
5
T#er!al
0
Due to t#er!al a"itation o$ ele%trons
0
Mni$or!l( distriuted
0
2#ite noise
5
Inter!odulation
0
Si"nals t#at are t#e su! and di$$eren%e o$ ori"inal
$re+uen%ies s#arin" a !ediu!

Noise ,2/
5
Crosstal3
0
A si"nal $ro! one line is &i%3ed u& ( anot#er
5
I!&ulse
0
Irre"ular &ulses or s&i3es
0
e'"' 8.ternal ele%tro!a"neti% inter$eren%e
0
S#ort duration
0
;i"# a!&litude

2#at Causes 8rrorsN
Su!!ar( o$ 8rrors and Noise9
Source of Error What Causes It How to Prevent It.
Line Outages
White Noise
Impulse Noise
Cross-al!
Echo
"ttenuation
Intermo#ulation
Noise
$itter
Harmonic %istortion
Storms& "cci#ents
'ovement of electrons
Su##en increases in electricit(
)e.g. lightning*
'ultiple+er guar#,an#s too small&
or wires too close together
Poor connections
-ra#uate #ecrease in signal
over #istance
Signals from several circuits com,ine
"nalog signals change phase
"mplifier changes phase
Increase signal strength
Shiel# or move the wires
Increase the guar#,an#s& or
move or shiel# the wires
.i+ the connections& or
tune e/uipment
0se repeaters or amps
'ove or shiel# the wires
une e/uipment
une e/uipment

8rror :revention
T#ere are !an( wa(s to &revent errors9
5
S#ieldin" ,addin" insulation/
5
Movin" %ales awa( $ro! noise sour%es
5
C#an"in" !ulti&le.in" t(&e ,FDMTDM/
5
Tunin" trans!ission e+ui&!ent and i!&rovin"
%onne%tion +ualit(
5
Msin" a!&li$iers and re&eaters
5
8+uali<ation
5
Leasin" %onditioned %ir%uits

Modulation 7 Di"ital Data-
Analo" Si"nal
5
:uli% tele&#one s(ste!
0
A**;< to A4**;<
5
Guardand $ro! *7A**- A4**74***;<
0
Mse !ode! ,!odulator7de!odulator/
5
A!&litude s#i$t 3e(in" ,ASO/
5
Fre+uen%( s#i$t 3e(in" ,FSO/
5
:#ase s#i$t 3e(in" ,:SO/

A!&litude Modulation and ASO

Fre+uen%( Modulation and FSO

:#ase Modulation and :SO

A!&litude S#i$t Oe(in"
5
@alues re&resented ( di$$erent a!&litudes o$
%arrier
5
Msuall(- one a!&litude is <ero
0
i'e' &resen%e and asen%e o$ %arrier is used
5
Sus%e&tile to sudden "ain %#an"es
5
Ine$$i%ient
5
T(&i%all( used u& to )2**&s on voi%e "rade lines
5
Msed over o&ti%al $ier

Fre+uen%( S#i$t Oe(in"
5
@alues re&resented ( di$$erent $re+uen%ies
,near %arrier/
5
Less sus%e&tile to error t#an ASO
5
T(&i%all( used u& to )2**&s on voi%e
"rade lines
5
;i"# $re+uen%( radio
5
8ven #i"#er $re+uen%( on LANs usin" %o7
a.

FSO on @oi%e Grade Line
Bell S(ste!s )*B !ode!

:#ase S#i$t Oe(in"
5
:#ase o$ %arrier si"nal is s#i$ted to re&resent
data
5
Di$$erential :SO
0
:#ase s#i$ted relative to &revious trans!ission
rat#er t#an so!e re$eren%e si"nal

Sendin" Multi&le Bits
Si!ultaneousl(
8a%# o$ t#e t#ree !odulation te%#ni+ues %an e
re$ined to send !ore t#an one it at a ti!e' It is
&ossile to send two its on one wave ( de$inin"
$our di$$erent a!&litudes'
T#is te%#ni+ue %ould e $urt#er re$ined to send t#ree
its at t#e sa!e ti!e ( de$inin" B di$$erent
a!&litude levels or $our its ( de$inin" )G- et%'
T#e sa!e a&&roa%# %an e used $or $re+uen%( and
&#ase !odulation'

Sendin" Multi&le Bits
Si!ultaneousl(

Sendin" Multi&le Bits
Si!ultaneousl(
In &ra%ti%e- t#e !a.i!u! nu!er o$ its t#at %an e
sent wit# an( one o$ t#ese te%#ni+ues is aout $ive
its' T#e solution is to %o!ine !odulation
te%#ni+ues'
One &o&ular te%#ni+ue is +uadrature a!&litude
!odulation ,PAM/ involves s&littin" t#e si"nal
into ei"#t di$$erent &#ases- and two di$$erent
a!&litude $or a total o$ )G di$$erent &ossile values-
"ivin" us l",)G/ or 4 its &er value'

27D Dia"ra! o$ PAM

Sendin" Multi&le Bits
Si!ultaneousl(
Trellis %oded !odulation ,TCM/ is an en#an%e!ent
o$ PAM t#at %o!ines &#ase !odulation and
a!&litude !odulation'
T#e &role! wit# #i"# s&eed !odulation te%#ni+ues
su%# as TCM is t#at t#e( are !ore sensitive to
i!&er$e%tions in t#e %o!!uni%ations %ir%uit'

Bits Rate @ersus Baud Rate
@ersus S(!ol Rate
T#e ter!s it rate ,t#e nu!er o$ its &er se%ond/ and aud
rate are used in%orre%tl( !u%# o$ t#e ti!e' T#e( are not
t#e sa!e'

A it is a unit o$ in$or!ation- a aud is a unit o$ si"nalin"
s&eed- t#e nu!er o$ ti!es a si"nal on a %o!!uni%ations
%ir%uit %#an"es' ITM7T now re%o!!ends t#e ter! aud
rate e re&la%ed ( t#e ter! s(!ol rate'

Bits Rate @ersus Baud Rate
@ersus S(!ol Rate
T#e it rate and t#e s(!ol rate ,or aud rate/
are t#e sa!e onl( w#en one it is sent on
ea%# s(!ol' I$ we use PAM or TCM- t#e
it rate would e several ti!es t#e aud
rate'

Mode! Standards
T#ere are !an( di$$erent t(&es o$ !ode!s availale toda('
Most !ode!s su&&ort several standards so t#at t#e( %an
%o!!uni%ate wit# a variet( o$ di$$erent !ode!s'
Better !ode!s %an %#an"e data rates durin" trans!ission to
redu%e t#e rate in %ase o$ nois( trans!ission ,$ast retrain/'

Mode! Standards
'o#em
Stan#ar#
'a+imum
S(m,ol
1ate
'a+imum
2its per
S(m,ol
'a+imum
%ata 1ate
),ps*
3.44 5466 5 5466
4766 5 4766
3.84 4766 7 9:66
3.84,is 4766 : 57&766
3.87 8749 ;.7 4;&;66
3.87< 8749 9.; 88&:66

Mode! Standards
5
@'22
0
)2**724** aud>&s- FSO
5
@'A2 and @'A2is
0
$ull du&le. at QG** &s ,24** aud at PAM/
0
is uses TCM to a%#ieve )4-4** &s'
5
@'A4 and @'A4is
0
2or3s est $or &#one networ3s usin" di"ital trans!ission
e(ond t#e lo%al loo& to redu%e noise' M& to 2B-B** &s
,TCM/
0
is u& to AG-G** wit# TCM

Mode! Standards
5
@'42is
data %o!&ression !ode!s- a%%o!&lis#ed ( run len"t#
en%odin"- %ode oo3 %o!&ression- ;u$$!an en%odin" and
ada&tive ;u$$!an en%odin"
0
MN:H 7 uses ;u$$!an en%odin" to attain )'A9) to 29)
%o!&ression'
0
is uses Le!&el76iv en%odin" and attains A'H9) to 49)'
0
@'42is %o!&ression %an e added to al!ost an( !ode!
standard e$$e%tivel( tri&lin" t#e data rate'

Analo" Data- Di"ital Si"nal
5
Di"iti<ation
0
Conversion o$ analo" data into di"ital data
0
Di"ital data %an t#en e trans!itted usin" di"ital
si"nalin" ,e'"' Man%#ester/
0
Or- di"ital data %an t#en e %onverted to analo" si"nal
0
Analo" to di"ital %onversion done usin" a %ode%
,%oder>de%oder/
0
Two te%#ni+ues to %onvert analo" to di"ital
5
:ulse %ode !odulation > :ulse a!&litude !odulation
5
Delta !odulation

:ulse A!&litude Modulation
Analo" voi%e data !ust e translated into a series o$
inar( di"its e$ore t#e( %an e trans!itted'
2it# :ulse A!&litude Modulation- t#e a!&litude o$
t#e sound wave is sa!&led at re"ular intervals and
translated into a inar( nu!er'
T#e di$$eren%e etween t#e ori"inal analo" si"nal
and t#e translated di"ital si"nal is %alled
+uanti<in" error'

:ulse A!&litude Modulation

:ulse A!&litude Modulation

:ulse A!&litude Modulation

:ulse A!&litude Modulation
For standard voi%e "rade %ir%uits- t#e sa!&lin" o$
AA** ;< at an avera"e o$ 2 sa!&les>se%ond would
result in a sa!&le rate o$ GG** ti!es &er se%ond'
T#ere are two wa(s to redu%e +uanti<in" error and
i!&rove t#e +ualit( o$ t#e :AM si"nal'
0
In%rease t#e nu!er o$ a!&litude levels
0
Sa!&le !ore $re+uentl( ,oversa!&lin"/'

:ulse Code Modulation
:ulse Code Modulation is t#e !ost %o!!onl( used
te%#ni+ue in t#e :AM $a!il( and uses a sa!&lin" rate o$
B*** sa!&les &er se%ond'
8a%# sa!&le is an B it sa!&le resultin" in a di"ital rate o$
G4-*** &s ,B . B***/'
Sa!&lin" T#eore!9 I$ a si"nal is sa!&led at a rate #i"#er
t#an twi%e t#e #i"#est si"nal $re+uen%(- t#en t#e sa!&les
%ontain all t#e in$or!ation o$ t#e ori"inal si"nal'
8'"'9 For voi%e %a&&ed at 4O#<- %an sa!&le at B*** ti!es
&er se%ond to re"enerate t#e ori"inal si"nal'

:er$or!an%e o$ A>D te%#ni+ues
5
Good voi%e re&rodu%tion via :CM
0 :CM 7 )2B levels ,L it/
0
@oi%e andwidt# 43#<
0
S#ould e B*** . L = HG3&s $or :CM
5 ,A%tuall( B*** . B wit# %ontrol it/
5
Data %o!&ression %an i!&rove on t#is
0
e'"' Inter$ra!e %odin" te%#ni+ues $or video
5
2#( di"italN
0
Re&eaters instead o$ a!&li$iersI don4t a!&li$( noise
0 Allows e$$i%ient and $le.ile Ti!e Division Multi&le.in" over Fre+uen%(
Division Multi&le.in"
0
Conversion to di"ital allows use o$ !ore e$$i%ient di"ital swit%#in"
te%#ni+ues

Analo" Data- Analo" Si"nals
5
2#( !odulate analo" si"nalsN
0
;i"#er $re+uen%( %an "ive !ore e$$i%ient trans!ission
0
:er!its $re+uen%( division !ulti&le.in"
5
T(&es o$ !odulation
0
A!&litude
0
Fre+uen%(
0
:#ase
5
8.' O$ analo">analo" !odulation 9 S&read
S&e%tru!

S&read S&e%tru!
5
Analo" or di"ital data
5
Analo" si"nal
5
S&read data over wide andwidt#
5
Ma3es Fa!!in" and inter%e&tion #arder
5
Fre+uen%( #o&&in"
0
Si"nal road%ast over &seudorando! series o$ $re+uen%ies
5
Dire%t Se+uen%e
0
8a%# it is re&resented ( !ulti&le its in trans!itted si"nal
0
C#i&&in" %ode

Analo">Di"ital Mode!s ,HG3 Mode!s/
T#e @'A4R !ode! is &roal( t#e $astest analo" !ode! t#at will e develo&ed'
T#e asi% idea e#ind HGO !ode!s ,@'Q*/ is to ta3e t#e asi% %on%e&ts o$ :CM
ot# $orwards and a%3wards'
T#e :STN is alread( di"iti<in" analo" data- and sendin" it at G4O&s'
;owever- not all o$ t#ese it &atterns are a%tuall( availale $or data ,one it
used $or %ontrol/- so t#e !a.i!u! data rate e%o!es HGO'
T#e &role! e%o!es t#e Analo" to Di"ital %onversionI assu!in" a 4O#<
andwidt# %ou&led wit# +uanti<ation error li!its us to t#e AA'GO&s w#en
&er$or!in" an ADC %onversion1
Solution9 8li!inate one ADC %onversions "oin" downstrea! $ro! t#e IS:I we
still #ave to do a DAC %onversion ut t#is doesn4t introdu%e +uanti<ation
error ,our @'Q* !ode! !ust #ave t#e $ine resolution to re&rodu%e t#e
ori"inal si"nal/

@'Q* HGO Mode!s

Analo">Di"ital Mode!s ,HG3
Mode!s/
Noise is a %riti%al issue' Tests $ound HGO !ode!s to
%onne%t at less t#an 4* O&s )BS o$ t#e ti!e- 4*7H*
O&s B*S o$ t#e ti!e- and H*R O&s onl( 2 S o$ t#e
ti!e'
It is easier to %ontrol noise in t#e %#annel trans!ittin" $ro!
t#e server to t#e %lient t#an in t#e o&&osite dire%tion'
Be%ause t#e %urrent HGO te%#nolo"( is ased on t#e :CM
standard- it %annot e used on servi%es t#at do not use t#is
standard'

Cale Mode!s
5
Mu%# !ore %o!&li%ated t#an nor!al
!ode!s
0
Tuner- de%oder- !odulator- de!odulator- router-
#u- et%'
0
Bus ar%#ite%ture 0 s%alailit( issues
0
Downstrea!9 2LMs &er GM#< %#annel- PAM
0
M&strea!9 !ore noise- AM&s &er 2M#<
%#annel- P:SO ,27A its &er s(!ol/

.DSL
5
Di"ital Sus%rier Line 0 ;i"# andwidt# via ordinar(
%o&&er lines
0
T(&i%all( ran"e $ro! )'H44 M&s to H)2 O&s downstrea!
and around )2B O&s u&strea! ut %ould #ave BM&s
downstrea!- LGBO&s u&strea! $or ADSL
0
Man( variants9 ADSL- ADSL7Lite- CDSL- ;DSL- IDSL-
SDSL- @DSL
0
Need to e aout T)H*** $eet $ro! a CO
0
More s%alale t#an %ale !ode!s
0
No real standards (etN ,DSL7Lite so!ew#at- no s&litter/

DSL Installation

ADSL S&litter